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With territories so expansive that the sun genuinely never set on all of them at once (Gandhi suggested that God didn't trust the British in the dark), the British Empire at its peak encompassed extraordinary human, geographical, social and cultural diversity. Until 1962, it was also -- at least in theory, and as seen from London -- a single zone of free human movement. Here we will set the stage for closer scrutiny of migration in imperial settings by exploring the emergence and decline of 'imperial citizenship'.

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Jakob Presentation

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Michelangelo Presentation

Required Readings:

• Group 1: Marjory Harper and Stephen Constantine, Migration and Empire (Oxford: OUP, 2010), 'Introduction: The British Empire and Empire Migration, 1815-the 1960s', 1-10 and Spector-Marks, Irina. "鈥淭he Indian鈥檚 Own Magna Carta鈥�: Britishness and imperial citizenship in diasporic print culture, 1900–1914." Journal of Colonialism and Colonial History 16, no. 3 (2015) .
• Group 2: Marjory Harper and Stephen Constantine, Migration and Empire (Oxford: OUP, 2010), 'Chapter 6 Exile into Bondage: Non-White Migrants and Settlers'.
• Group 3 Laura Tabili, 'A Homogenous Society? Britain's Internal "Others"' in Catherine Hall and Sonya Rose, At Home with the Empire: Metropolitan Culture and the Imperial World (Cambridge: CUP, 2006), 53-76. E-book (and see the 'Introduction' to this volume for a useful sketch of the historiography!)
• Group 4: Renisa Mawani, 鈥楽pecters of Indigeneity in British-Indian Migration, 1914鈥�, Law & Society Review 46, no. 2 (2012): 369-403. . Case study of Indian chartered migrant ship that traveled around Empire to reach Canada but whose imperial passengers were then excluded. Explores 鈥榠ndigeneity鈥� in imperial contexts.

Discussion Questions:

• 'Subject' or 'citizen', 'native' or 'national': were (all) imperial migrants also imperial citizens? Why or why not?
• Who benefitted from the creation and implementation of 'imperial citizenship'? Did this change over time?

Background Readings:

Margaret Allen, '"Innocents Abroad鈥� and 鈥楶rohibited Immigrants': Australians in India and Indians in Australia 1890–1910', in Ann Curthoys and Marilyn Lake, eds, Connected Worlds: History in Transnational Perspective (ANU Press, 2005), 111–124. JSTOR, www.jstor.org/stable/j.ctt2jbkp3.11

Sunil S. Amrith, 'INDIANS OVERSEAS? GOVERNING TAMIL MIGRATION TO MALAYA 1870–1941', Past & Present, no. 208 (2010): 231-61.

Robert Bickers, ed., Settlers and Expatriates: Britons over the Seas (Oxford: OUP, 2010).

Elizabeth Buettner, Empire Families: Britons and Late Imperial India (Oxford: OUP, 2004).

Helen Callaway, Gender, Culture and Empire: Women in Colonial Nigeria (Basingstoke: Macmillan, 1987).

Linda Colley, Britons: Forging the Nation, 1707-1837 (New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 2005).

Fredrick Cooper and Ann Laura Stoler, eds, Tensions of Empire: Colonial Cultures in a Bourgeois World (Berkeley, CA: UC Press, 1997).

Daniel Gorman, Imperial Citizenship: Empireand the Question of Belonging (Manchester, MUP, 2007), esp. chapters 1 and 7.

Catherine Hall, Civilising Subjects: Metropole and Colony in the English Imagination, 1830-1867
(Oxford: OUP, 2002).

Catherine Hall and Sonya Rose, At Home with the Empire: Metropolitan Culture and the Imperial World (Cambridge: CUP, 2006). NB: The 'Introduction' to this volume offers a useful sketch of the historiography of (British) empire.

Randall Hansen, Citizenship and Immigration in Post-War Britain (Oxford: OUP, 2000).

Marjory Harper and Stephen Constantine, Migration and Empire (Oxford: OUP, 2010), esp. Chapter 6, 'Exile into Bondage'.

A.G. Hopkins, 鈥楻ethinking Decolonization鈥�, Past and Present, 200 (2008) 211-247. (Useful for understanding Britain's graduale estrangement from the Dominions.)

Christian Joppke, Immigration and the Nation State: The United States, Germany and Great Britain (Oxford: OUP, 1999).

Krishnan Kumar, 'Empire, Nation and National Identities', in Andrew Thompson (ed.), Britain鈥檚 Experience of Empire in the Twentieth Century (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2012), 298-329.

Lynn Hollen Lees, 鈥淏eing British in Malaya, 1890-1940.鈥� Journal of British Studies, vol. 48, no. 1, 2009, pp. 76–101. JSTOR, www.jstor.org/stable/25482963.

Michael Christopher Low, 鈥楨mpire and the Hajj: Pilgrims, Plagues, and Pan-Islam under British Surveillance, 1865-1908 鈥�, International Journal of Middle East Studies 40, no. 2 (2008): 269-90. http://www.jstor.org/stable/30069613.

Renisa Mawani, 鈥楽pecters of Indigeneity in British-Indian Migration, 1914鈥�, Law & Society Review 46, no. 2 (2012): 369-403. . Case study of Indian chartered migrant ship that traveled around Empire to reach Canada but whose imperial passengers were then excluded. Explores 鈥榠ndigeneity鈥� in imperial contexts.

Robert Miles, 鈥榃ho Belongs?: The Meanings of British Nationality and Immigration Law鈥�, Journal of Law and Society, 18 (1991), 279-286.

Robert Miles, 鈥楴ationality, Citizenship, and Migration to Britain, 1945-1951', Journal of Law and Society, 16 (1989), 426-442.

Radhika Viyas Mongia, 鈥楻ace, Nationality, Mobility: A History of the Passport鈥�, in Antoinette
Burton (ed.), After the Imperial Turn: Thinking With and Through the Nation (Durham, NC: Duke University Press, 2003), 196-215.

Sonya Rose, Which People鈥檚 War? Identity and Citizenship in Wartime Britain, 1939–1945 (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2003).

Anne S. Rush, Bonds of Empire: West Indians and Britishness from Victoria to Decolonization (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2011)

Anne S. Rush, 鈥業mperial Identity in Colonial Minds: Harold Moody and the League of Coloured Peoples, 1931–50鈥�, Twentieth Century British History, 13(4) (2002): 356–83.

Mrinalini Sinha, 鈥淭he Strange Death of an Imperial Ideal: The case of Civis Britannicus,鈥� in Saurabh Dube, ed., Modern Makeovers: Handbook of Modernity in South Asia, (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2011).

Bill Schwarz, The White Man鈥檚 World (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2011).

Becky Taylor, 'Immigration, Statecraft and Public Health: The 1920 Aliens Order, Medical Examinations and the Limitations of the State in England', Social History of Medicine 29.3 (2016): 512-533 doi:10.1093/shm/hkv139 E journal.

Andrew Thompson with Meaghan Kowalsky, 'Social Life and Cultural Representation: Empire in the Public Imagination', in Andrew Thompson (ed.), Britain鈥檚 Experience of Empire in the Twentieth Century (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2012), 251-297.

Wendy Webster, 鈥楾he Empire Comes Home: Commonwealth Migration to Britain鈥� in Andrew Thompson (ed.), Britain鈥檚 Experience of Empire in the Twentieth Century (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2012), 122-160

Wendy Webster, Englishness and Empire, 1939-1965 (Oxford: OUP, 2005).