Letter by the diplomat Thomas Robinson, Lord Grantham, to his brother in 1779
Published June 2022, Dr Ben Jackson, University of Birmingham
During my PhD, I spent a number of days working through the family correspondence of the Yorkshire lesser nobility family the Robinsons at the 鈥榃rest Park Collection鈥� at Bedfordshire Archives and Record Services. My magical source is a letter sent by the British diplomat in Spain to his brother in London in March 1779. The letter details the social and cultural life of the Spanish court as well as the Robinson family back in England. The conspicuous discussion of material goods in the letter is representative of the brothers鈥� correspondence generally – this is both in part down to the brothers鈥� intense personal interest in art and furnishings and a semi-professional interest as Frederick acted as Grantham鈥檚 secretary and agent. In the run of 301 Grantham and Frederick鈥檚 letters in the archive, hundreds were concerned with material things – this is magical in itself. When reading through the collection, a phrase really stood out to me from this letter discussing Grantham鈥檚 ambassadorial gala coach used on formal processions into the Spanish royal palaces. Grantham wrote: 鈥渕y Coach & Buff Harness are shabby to a degree & I determine whether I can do anything to be merely decent at [the Palace at] Aranjuez. You may think that I have no ambition to make a figure, at the same Time I must keep up appearances.鈥�
鈥楾o make a figure鈥� was at once a very antiquated phrase, but to 鈥榢eep up appearances鈥� also felt incredibly modern – it reminded me of 鈥榢eeping up with the Jones鈥� or indeed, the 1990s BBC Sitcom 鈥楰eeping up Appearances鈥� – a show about the snobbish and aspirational lower middle classes who compete over the granularity of class difference. Finding the 鈥榤aking a figure鈥� in Grantham鈥檚 correspondence made me think about its wider deployment in the vast social commentary on eighteenth-century luxury, consumer society, gender, and commodity culture.
The idiom 鈥榤aking a figure鈥� was often used to talk about middling peoples鈥� supposed aspirational desire for material luxury however this usage of the phrase didn鈥檛 quite fit with the elite, wealthy, noble ambassador whose hundreds of letters I鈥檇 been reading. For Grantham, shabbiness, decency, and maintaining appearances were more about fulfilling expectations placed upon him rather than an aspiration to consume and live beyond his station. My article, currently in revision, 鈥楾o Make a Figure in the World: Identity and Material Literacy in the 1770s Coach Consumption of British Ambassador, Lord Grantham鈥�, explored both the phrase 鈥榤aking a figure鈥� in eighteenth-century culture and Grantham鈥檚 own use of the term in ordering his ambassadorial coach for his formal entry into Spanish court life when he arrive in 1771. These were elaborate and iconographical coaches, and Grantham鈥檚 coach was probably only comparable, but in no way as magnificent as, the Gold State Coach.
As a historian interested in gender and materiality I began to think about how Grantham used his material knowledge of carriage design to negotiate the often-conflicting pushes and pulls that elite office-holding had men鈥檚 identities and material cultures. Grantham bought his coach out of his own purse but to use as a national representative on a global stage. A series of letter to Frederick detail Grantham鈥檚 anxieties and frustrations surrounding 鈥榤aking a figure鈥�, my article argues for the importance of material culture and material literacy in the construction and negotiation of a professional (specifically diplomatic), social, and gendered identity in the late eighteenth century. Grantham didn鈥檛 like his coach, he thought it a showy, gaudy extravagance and said it was the only thing he regretted having bought. In terms of his personal carriage consumption, Grantham鈥檚 letters reveal he much preferred the phaeton, a more streamline, plain, faster, and more fun to drive vehicle.
These two examples of carriages Encapsulate the tensions between Grantham professional identity as national representative and his personal identity as private gentleman and helpful materialise the conflicts between self, identity, and material display. My article challenges consumer history鈥檚 teleological propensity to think about consumption as an expression of an authentic or aspired selfhood and that consumers had identified pretty coherently with the goods they purchased. While Grantham's material culture enabled him to display this kind of coherent process. Objects were integral to early modern diplomatic identity-formation – it was an appearance, a material performance and that was difficult and frustrating for Grantham. This case study makes us think more about how material goods worked to materialise some form latent material desires or coherent projections to others about the self.
In attempting to question the neatness of this characterisation of material selfhood post-PhD, I reflected on my own doctoral work on men鈥檚 relationship with their material goods and their motivations for consumption and material display. Indeed, this relationship between 鈥榯he self鈥� and social identities has inspired my thinking behind my new project on the clergyman and how they negotiated the intersections of religious identity, gender identity, professional identity.
One final thing to say about this why is this source magical. I did the bulk of this research as a funded PhD student and was immensely privileged to be able to spend days and days in the archive at Bedford with the material having read hundreds and hundreds of letters between him and Frederick but also with his other siblings, relations, and friends. After the PhD as a Teaching Fellow at Birmingham with supportive and engaged colleagues, I was able to focus on this source and write an article. This meant that my historian鈥檚 institution was sparked when researching the phrase鈥檚 wider usage as every time a new definition came up in my research it just didn鈥檛 fit into Grantham鈥檚 use. So, while the source was magical, it was also magical because I had the time and resources to work with it.
The Gold State Coach, c.1762. Royal Collections Trust, RCIN 5000048
George Stubbs, 鈥楢 Gentleman Driving a Lady in a Phaeton鈥�, c.1787. The National Gallery, NG2529