ࡱ> 685 bjbjVV 2<<pp  0RTTTTTT$BxxRR `>0   xxp y: Constructivist computing for the humanities Two ways of applying computing technology can be broadly distinguished. The first, and more traditional way, involves automating processes based on rules that are derived from a theory. The product of such an application is most appropriately viewed as a program. The second involves using the computer to afford interactive experiences that can serve a role in sense-making. In this kind of computer use, the emphasis is not on producing a program to fulfill an abstract function, but on creating an interactive artefact or construal whose significance derives from the human processes of interaction and interpretation that accompany its development. Both kinds of computing application can play a valuable role in research in the humanities. Fields such as textual analysis have been transformed by using the computer to automate and so scale up processes where rules proposed by the humanities expert can be systematically applied. Computer scientists - especially those with great faith in computational models of mind - have shown considerable interest in the extent to which the role of the humanities scholar can be addressed by deploying programs of this nature in a "scientific" manner. In thinking of the ways in which using computing technology to create construals can support the humanities, a quite different emphasis is needed. Construals serve to mediate personal understandings which typically fall short of theories that can be established in an objective sense. Such artefacts can play their part in the critiques and negotiations of meaning that are characteristic of the established culture and practice of the humanities. Though they do not have the status of "objective models of a theory", they are the medium for an open-ended modelling activity of the kind that McCarty [2] identifies as central to humanities computing. Empirical Modelling (EM) is an approach to computing, focused on principles and tools for the development of construals, that has been developed by the author and his collaborators over many years [1]. In contrast to classical computer science, EM accounts for computing in experiential terms, putting its primary emphasis on human activities that necessarily precede the identification of systems and theories (such as requirements capture in software engineering, and preliminary experimental investigation of unfamiliar phenomena in science) or those that cannot reasonably be expected to be fully captured by systems or enshrined in theories (as is arguably the case in the humanities). To date, work on EM relevant to the theme of "Computer Simulations in the Humanities" has addressed: the potential roles of EM in relation to McCarty's vision for Humanities Computing [3, 4] and Latour's conception of constructivism [5:100]; synergies with William James's philosophic stance in "radical empiricism" [5:078]; the merits of EM as a conceptual and practical framework within which to understand existing modelling exercises in the humanities, as represented (e.g.) by work carried out in the CCH at KCL in the King's Visualisation Lab (cf. [5:103]) and on McCarty's Onomasticon for Ovid's Metamorphoses; and applications of EM in making construals of musical compositions [3,5:112,5:094], historical scientific instruments and railway accidents [5:053]. References The Empirical Modelling website at http://www.dcs.warwick.ac.uk/modelling/ Willard McCarty, Humanities Computing, Palgrave MacMillan, 2005 Meurig Beynon, Steve Russ, Willard McCarty, Human Computing: Modelling with Meaning, Meurig Beynon, Roderick Klein, Steve Russ, Humanities' Computings, Other EM publications, as identified by the index allocated to them at the url: http://www2.warwick.ac.uk/fac/sci/dcs/research/em/publications/papers/ , 3 : C ! + u&Jq hK5\ hK6]hK- g's N & Fdd[$\$edKedKedKedK 01h/R . 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