аЯрЁБс>ўџ 24ўџџџ1џџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџьЅСU@ №ПbjbjЌ›Ќ› . ЮёЮёџџџџџџˆ2222222Fnnnn‚ Fіšššššššš‚„„„„„„$љRK ЮЈ2„šš„„Ј22ššН$$$„.2š2š‚$„‚$$:22:šŽ  ˜žx‹.ЧnВF:nг0: ј" :FF2222 2:4š0Ъ"$ь|šššЈЈFFЄъ„ FFъESRC Research Seminar 'Global Health and Human Rights: Theory, Process and Susbtance', Seminar 1, Liverpool, 19th and 20th of April 2007. The 10/90 Gap in International Health Research - Drug R&D: Whose Moral Responsibility is it? Udo Schuklenk Current discussions about the human right to health and affordable access to life-preserving medication tend to assume that such medication exists and that the only moral or political challenge consists in wrenching control over the production and/or pricing of such drugs from patent owning pharmaceutical multinationals. These discussions are important, and their protagonists can rightly point us to recent successes in terms of bringing about dramatic price reductions for HAART in Southern Africa. However, if we accept that such strategies are sound (as I do), there are predictable downstream consequences: pharmaceutical companies' primary reason for being is not to produce drugs but to offer maximum returns to their owners. The successful removal of patent protections for some of the industry's products provides the industry with a strong disincentive to invest substantial sums in further drug R&D for illnesses suffered by large numbers of poor people (mostly but not only in the developing world). A good example of a market failure. If we think that that is problematic, we need to explain why we believe that market mechanisms should no longer apply to pharmaceutical companies and also by what mechanisms we should try to convince them to spend their investors' money on unprofitable R&D agendas. I will argue that this strategy is futile. We have no good reason to expect pharmaceutical companies to behave any better (as in 'altruistically') than any other company operating in the developing world. This brings me to the question of whose moral responsibility drug R&D is. My aim for the purpose of this presentation is to map out a possible substantial research agenda on this issue. I will conclude with expressing reservations about the viability of human rights based responses to this question. The 10/90 Gap in International Health Research – Drug R&D: Whose Moral Responsibility is it? Current discussions about the human right to health and affordable access to life-preserving medication tend to assume that such medication exists and that the only moral or political challenge consists in wrenching control over the production and/or pricing of such drugs from patent owning pharmaceutical multinationals. These discussions are important, and their protagonists can rightly point us to recent successes in terms of bringing about dramatic price reductions for HAART in Southern Africa. However, if we accept that such strategies are sound (as I do), there are predictable downstream consequences: pharmaceutical companies' primary reason for being is not to produce drugs but to offer maximum returns to their owners. The successful removal of patent protections for some of the industry's products provides the industry with a strong disincentive to invest substantial sums in further drug R&D for illnesses suffered by large numbers of poor people (mostly but not only in the developing world). A good example of a market failure. If we think that that is problematic, we need to explain why we believe that market mechanisms should no longer apply to pharmaceutical companies and also by what mechanisms we should try to convince them to spend their investors' money on unprofitable R&D agendas. I will argue that this strategy is futile. We have no good reason to expect pharmaceutical companies to behave any better (as in 'altruistically') than any other company operating in the developing world. This brings me to the question of whose moral responsibility drug R&D is. My aim for the purpose of this presentation is to map out a possible substantial research agenda on this issue. 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