ࡱ> $!"#@=$Zۻ& Ym =mkH4[$x |EB6¾{ /j@dAVy<@$0ˆQƍADeUP valAu !TܛTJys{7XR{Rk)J٭J]T AV9^E1jÅ"X\PJHUt)DԆdC"^uz5R*ux4-R5Fn*퍱x _Lgggr2]QF !#W̛)(BylۻbdRRz5J Qx;?my+:3˨fϗQ gy-4ęxZmҨ.;Zy*Y-/}dሓe':ʧ}cx|ӨUFE߅_$RK}ȚƶNzna&gw_1'ϽȤz^Z2o/?Y(cj &| C(ZK= *晹  TQ#F4:i;t׈QL~Ru ԝiȠ*uИ O3䎡Waz<]6 mwQ*WL]I($V#?SCf9]M4J,ݞVSiOak8vg슿8~^4vF[1!1ɞ7ڱ:w~y-FYZ9'^ݚuis^3Bl !NRQjEJՖJY>w`կtLPifgݤ˿SIT^屭UߒrfִͯL^}/1hviٷtې1K^΍|OT:Ǫ뫎,/V=mVy[_rZ92 {_' !\ә0T0 }m3Cah* *"W9H0 2Pqr1iop0 e0ra ̪ aadˆJUb> Spf$ C%De*3iIKqf, U CeD0iouf" U CDU2i?/PUjUc> /PM C5DrIAڇ!aHBTG:sagP0TG@satgP0@D&saxp;CMamj"j#W9H03Cmacj# W9H0?c3Cag !W9H0q;C=ao!#W9H0{o ah\C p5 !LCD2rAo=ufHƆ!Aګ?Lwahh\S }04E@saxC ahiZ Z"ג9HZ u%:cxq02 !Z!׊9H_f+aH1 )ȥ0i P?CÐh\ 03Cahg !׎9H0L\^˵rŮi;CGAba\' g6gNpa脸 e۝n[ M[9H0<ܝabnAtA saxzߝCWAڇ?w+;rݙ9 ݅a\ 0 gpa聸[v93* í^b> /X/amz!z#כ9H{\[ވ>a> p~05 }}}^Zϙ03 }}^~۝07 }/  C0iW6 a"T &wTahR3@ad"!79H0,- a0 B܅]A;m%% ] f> +qNm0 1 C}^qșa0 5 CC}V3Paȹy(brØw; p0 1AڇЙa00 #}r{0cF A ðn;=00܃( u kF 0 11AڇaC5c^0q/r2iM^X2i|0Vqȍc> 38a0C܏A/ ȍg> axrpfxP&}v}3aH3 iȥ1i=t^.M6 i{9H0aax1Aڇa& #a"a> 3#a(20ҝa0L6 }>00LFLAn saqg)00LALEn*saיOg T3=}zgY Ye> _}0L7 "#79H0;0]3 !saS Lb&r3w'tf) L,f1iYf a^`> 'N01 / 79H0dٙa05 ss}~3\ag"!79H0Ygyax Ù_~qfxI^6 /!^Fe ˯:3, ˈg> E°0G,@nsa8}x@-d> qP^1  sa8r+°0X" Uv^o0j!^EU u&kQ^ņUb3iϛo̰X^3 !s:"gׄaax %Aڇ!} KaaXXR ) KaaXX2 ðb ˄aaXXr }:3,a9br+wwvfX! + JV2ikn͙a0nV"^Gu uH *:br̰JVUȭf^Guh̰Z0 o sVw:3! o7o"&snYcg7-&-b^O6ڙ-aXcBAn sv;aXk "9H0 Ӯm̰Y͈me^.3Vaf"!9H{`& 6v3i٭ݏYۅaa؎؁ 07:g°0@Dn'snM+gav"2`^ !Cv .v1iRv ð =A83ab/r{:3}a/brÒ0ab?r5{7wf/  ~0ik:upf8 {9H{]/wSGgaxqAz0C r3jnpHCf> }gga8׵j]ovfP>2 ">B# uZ;3|$ #1szvSϮ  'c'}ݙa0| Ϙ>> gϑ9H{10|a>G|Aڇa}/ /9H{1~^Ka8bDAsvq G+pr_1iwLufJG;tf8* Q11i/tf8& _c9H{}2|a r0ivfF5 E[ u-ȡ w[w}F;a0|Ø q=8rǙqf8. ?9H{]WC83( Ïȝf^O3ia0FOAڋᑇ~ O9H0}aq3Az'pF3ȝe^ yԙ0b"~A ïį_$g_!0F.9H{dgla4C6"Zfp`Tg&B!Z*f兡a( {-g P0ToEWd^ #( aPaݟJ! J?0T6 [׽ܯ, U CeV ŰُUaߪ}Ūpa 9se/$p9|?o0I$Vu Ű9{Յ PW u/~q ր p{jCMP5_9H{{n5a Z{٫% C-ֆm ^O:6|sa05 u[uua zYԙ07 [׵?>|s.Es ah߆o~깧 Õ!|AyqfR2 W*_}:{jp|Aڇ?y0$ d uaHo#7b^ϯ3C#ahl13iߦ~Vcahb÷ 0i;v3Cahj)2i{:vfh* CS63 pw+P Cs ߜ9H06k\ZmAڇw - `c^0]LMEgH_Z8g[w(7הZN[Ć/ޚv cf)_L}ko~C7Ц.W=CzWܣsڋ>DL_:8VyyY@makZ{Um3Sg8C>іHkxܿoyQ[ؚ^tUk[^s'G[#]{$X^@ScD>vwUD Pg~-lMk/z|;=^7{,3k-/j [ڋ}^<h~WQzϞ,jyQ[ؚ^}īE>}8ڳ_KO>rŬvj [ګxȧ7G{cy}<*ny5i2x|ګxȧG{#)۷5?۴'Z5Yｇ,Wi=8ڱGO^4mCk疗ha-3&0>^ZH]׵8Z$OFNO-lMJZrLLEf.`*H~ޖg6֓C;Y'mGzX^-_q."Yn>E^y_1_zL9}%3b"g.庬,m4~]9~44R%u.5K>oSBQꔢN*_zk~"!YGt=a9?qge-jɿhE~b'z߮\D!kEqLw?[-lMW͓;Ϫa/5O݈:8]uxe}g"n}-QQj [kx͵g6G'{`ZQ[ؚ^tVxĉי-UQLj [kxͲj5CufYVV3i5 Y<L~3I.xrִ*^,/љY^sг[TAjy75R헡~iό9^kE>9:$w5?; tZ5/.Z?!˟dUZcUl;'e[^&/\D5[H:0>JY i]3GZP[ؚίc^WKE~֪QIES׵ugΟnQϟR[ؚ^4^vE.{9_fv~ִ-^{|vCB~{#UWW|22TO*Sj [kg˰gGOˈpN:iMvX^䳍'p6KeE!}vlcnx=u ڄnA@u ],XC ^ƪV |=F1E꾲5Z>XC~@ i.ub1zf:̹*ogLzZ_O1RB~Ua^jHT]8W:\@&3E~?ocKתpZ k-t4C>q;-[T[,-}xf3H]*].+FsOLh?bŅί3OZ^-{N  Rُt~TE?啭fz"lE~ 窎Y^,3mBy]H'ݧf-2u[| KMKKE,TY{-%ϓo及ǯRstX~ycƇV@@@@@@{Pvv{@{@@xi%ށhhrrPy~ ݟ:u~s}V5̣&nƨ!N2=B G6J 5.Iua!`3B;Eyi;a~cdee l=ceG(`ow<޼|e*zBWu!YtmGmHjHϋ g,~(?U΁ܠ=_|<nyY;xcVƠj ј{ֿVyaFK]yIi>NT3Blʣtd>]'_u,`Z&w-'2Z-?ҥ֖ȳnZ]~GYJS)G_c,eT=6O>o/>'t^3>f,"r5s4ZWvsYu&S0ZIS~i4`zUTO-HZGX 伿9EI;Ms>[O(  < j.lisa.forman@utoronto.ca<mailto:lisa.forman@utoronto.cadx Chart MSGraph.Chart.80*Microsoft Graph ChartX/ 0|DArialchoRomanllHb0DTimes New RomanllHb0 DWingdingsRomanllHb00DGulimngsRomanllHb0"@DMS MinchoRomanllHb01 b,8.lKP  @n?" dd@  @@`` 8A    "#$%,-45 ..// Z[\^ab n| o$$$$$"$Zۻ& Ym $ 0e0e     A@  A5% 8c8c     ?1 d0u0@Ty2 NP'p<'pA)BCD|E||s " 0e@        @ABC DEEFGHIJK5%LMNOPQRSTUWYZ[ \]^_ `abN E5%  N E5%  N F   5%    !"?N@ABC DEFFGHIJK5%LMNOPQRSTUWYZ[ \]^_ `ab@89:ʚ;ʚ;g4KdKd( b0ppp@ <4dddd8i0l$ ___PPT10DGulimcho~0|bxllb0"DArialcho~0|bxllb0 DMS Mincho~0|bxllb01 ___PPT989:?  O  = Presentation Objections to the Right to Health International Human Rights Conceptualization South African Jurisprudence Implications for Theory and Practice l ;$1. Objections to the Right to HealthRight to health is not universal Right to health is unrealistic Rights would make zero-sum claim on limited resources Negative/positive distinction between civil and social rights Negative rights require resources and inaction to be realized Positive rights require little resources and state inaction to be realized Legislatures not courts should decide positive rights Objections found arguments that social rights are rather political, aspirational or programmatic rightsRPPhP7"h (>7 g =/Inaccuracy of the Positive/Negative Distinction00\Distinction has philosophical roots in Kant and Berlin s ideas about positive and negative duties and liberties Positive/negative contracted to mean action/inaction & resource-intensive/resource-free Contraction inaccurately reflects reality My right to free expression requires state non-interference But ensuring non-interference requires active legal and policy process  Negative rights therefore require action and resources<99  ?+All Rights Impose Costs and Multiple DutiesAll rights require vigorous state action and have budgetary implications Civil rights impose considerable costs (Holmes and Sunstein, 2001, Hunt, 1996) Henry Shue (1980): all rights impose three kinds of duties: duties to avoid depriving, duties to protect from deprivation, duties to aid the deprived Idea enters international human rights interpretations (Asbjorn Eide, 1987): duty to respect (not to obstruct) positive duty to protect (ensure others don t obstruct) positive duty to fulfill (provide) D|Z~ZZ|~ H||        }  l;Threat is of Persistent BiasContinuum from ostensibly negative (don t obstruct) to ostensibly positive (provide) Paradigm may nonetheless suggest that civil rights tend towards duties to respect; social rights towards duty to fulfill However duties to respect may require resources as much as duty to fulfill and realizing social rights may not require providing commodities but preventing their deprivation Designing institutions to protect subsistence need not be more  positive, unrealistic or unaffordable than designing programs to control violent crime:  Neither looks simple, cheap or  negative  (Henry Shue, 1980) WZW6'#   @!Ideological Roots of ContestationPositive/negative distinction reflects liberal conception of non-interventionist state protecting individual freedom and private property If civil rights and property protection require resources and state action even night-watchman state is interventionist and redistributive albeit favouring private property not the poor Ascendancy of liberalism poses challenges of countering ideological resistance to right to health Pragmatic and ideological objections may have blurred for judges and politicians  d8 Presentation Objections to the Right to Health International Human Rights Conceptualization South African Jurisprudence Implications for Theory and Practice *l#.'D yC<A Post-Ontological Era for the International Right to Health==International Constitution of the World Health Organization (1946) Universal Declaration of Human Rights (1948) article 25(1) Covenant on Economic Social and Cultural Rights (1966) article 12 Convention on the Rights of the Child (1989) article 24(1) Convention on Elimination of Racial Discrimination (1965) article 5(e)(iv) Convention on Elimination of Discrimination against Women (1979) articles 11(1)(f) and 12 Convention on the Protection of the Rights of Migrants Workers (2002) article 28 Regional European Social Charter (1961) article 11 African Charter of Human and People s Rights (1981) article 16 American Protocol of San Salvador (1988) article 10 Cairo Declaration on Human Rights in Islam (1990) article 17zPP PP 1" 1  n<-Expert Interpretations of the Right to HealthFIn Social Right s Covenant, states recognizes everyone s right to highest attainable standard of physical and mental health (article 12) However Covenant limits state duties to progressive realization to the maximum of available resources (article 2.1) Expert interpretations considerably advanced scope of entitlement and duties under social rights and of right to health especially UNCESCR General Comments 3 and 14 Progressive realization places immediate obligations on states and requires effective movement towards full realization through duties to respect, protect and fulfil Social rights contain minimum essential levels Social Rights Covenant indicates that rights can only be limited so far as compatible with their nature (article 4) and acts aimed at destroying its rights were not permitted (article 5) Idea of minimum core inherent to the basic value that human rights places on human dignity, worth and life P4/ P   s?5UNCESCR General Comment 3 on State Obligations (1994)665 <A state has minimum core obligations to ensure at the very least minimum essential levels of each right including essential primary health care If any significant number of individuals were deprived of essential primary health care, a state would be seen as prima facie, failing to discharge its obligations under the Covenant A government could only justify non-compliance with minimum core obligations by demonstrating every effort to use all resources available to satisfy these obligations as a matter of priority If the Covenant  were to be read in such a way as not to establish such a minimum core obligation, it would be largely deprived of its raison d'tre Z  34UNCESCR General Comment 14 on Right to Health (2000)55Irrespective of development levels, right to health contains essential elements such available, accessible, appropriate and good quality health care facilities, goods and services Drawing from ICPD and Alma-Ata, core obligations include at least : non-discriminatory access to health facilities, goods and services, especially for vulnerable or marginalized access to minimum essential food, basic shelter, housing and sanitation, and water essential drugs as defined by WHO equitable distribution of all health facilities, goods and services national public health strategy and plan of action addressing health concerns of all Committee argues core duties are non-derogable and non-compliance cannot be justified under any circumstancesbZZnZm u@Implications of CoreCore is rights-based approach to deprivation If each person has inherent dignity and equal worth, significant deprivation of basic needs should be viewed as major human rights concern Meeting basic needs must take temporal and resource priority in realization of right to health Government must show deprivation is due to incapacity, not unwillingness Core as protection against competing political and economic priorities, inadequate resource allocations to health, corruption and uncaring government Core as a limit to unreasonable incursions into people s basic needs by political and commercial actors Not unreasonable duties to place on poor countries Apply to rich country action domestically and internationally P  HContent of the Core? tGeneral Comment 14 only indicates that core is consistent with essential primary health care and includes essential drugs Core as guideposts for countries (Brigit Toebes, 1999) Variable content but  core idea maintains that social rights cannot be limited to any extent Reflects central idea that rights require governments to prioritize meeting the  minimum decencies of citizenship in the modern world for the poor (Albie Sachs, 1993) ZH     vA!Core Creates Normative Hierarchy Core advances normative hierarchy within right to health Idea has implications for balancing right to health against governmental claims of scarcity or competing private interests Core also has implications for institutions causing systemic restrictions of basic needs, eg WTO TRIPS agreement Core right to essential medicines suggests that TRIPS restriction on medicines and limited justification should alter how it is formulated, implemented and interpreted in poor countries Z.   f9 Presentation Objections to the Right to Health International Human Rights Conceptualization South African Jurisprudence Implications for Theory and Practice *lQ-& J%)South African Constitution Act 90 of 1996Constitution includes enforceable socio-economic rights to health care services, food, water, social security, housing and education Transformative document with pervasive commitment to open, accountable and responsive democracy based on human dignity, equality and freedom Constitutional entrenchment of state duties to  respect, protect, promote and fulfil all rights (section 7.1).ZZ n vSection 27: Everyone s Right to Access Health Care Services$<;"; 1(1a) Everyone has the right to have access to health care services, including reproductive health care (2) State must take reasonable legislative and other measures, within its available resources, to achieve progressive realisation (3) No one may be refused emergency medical treatment 2Z2" 0 T*,Constitutional Certification Judgment (1996)--, (Court rejected objections to constitutional entrenchment of socioeconomic rights All judicial review carries budgetary implications and much makes social policy Enforcing social and economic rights not so different a task as to breach separation of powers. Socioeconomic rights were  at least to some extent, justiciable, and at the very minimum could be  negatively protected from improper invasion     'Soobramoney v Minister of Health (1996)((Hospital s denial of dialysis to very sick man did not breach section 27 Social rights depended on resources and an unqualified obligation to meet even basic needs could not be filled Given difficult decisions court would be  slow to interfere with rational decisions taken in good faith by the political organs and medical authorities whose responsibility it was to deal with such matters   Io   $Grootboom v Government of RSA (2000)"%$"$ Squatters evicted off government land without alternative shelter Court rejected minimum core arguments of amici Court noted UNESCR Committee not specified minimum core on housing and argued that it lacked competence and information to determine content Reasonableness standard adopted as standard of compliance Reasonableness determined case by case, in social and historical context of poverty, and constitutional context of commitment to equality, dignity and freedom State s negative duty not to prevent right of access to adequate housing State s positive duty to act reasonably to provide basic necessities of life to those lacking Positive duty not absolute or unqualified but assessed by standard of reasonableness F:PB"" G>B )     'Elements of the Reasonableness Standard((Primarily requires comprehensive plans dealing with all needs Unreasonable to exclude significant segment of society Focus must be on needs of poor dependent on state for basic necessities Focus on urgent and desperate needs:  If the measures, though statistically successful, fail to respond to the needs of those most desperate, they may not pass the test. [44] State can t do more than resources permit but state must give adequate budgetary support to social rights and plan, budget and monitor to try meet all needsVPPP"""8    {D6Implications of Grootboom& Case hailed as seminal internationally but extensively criticized nationally for rejecting core Reasonableness standard seen not as individual entitlement but administrative review requiring sensible priority (Sunstein, 2001, Bilchitz, 2002) Potential for immediate or tangible benefit to poor litigants seen as limited (Fitzpatrick and Slye, 2003) Raised questions whether reasonableness adequately substituted for the core, and whether it relieved deprivationb    h  x 4AIDS Policy Puts Reasonableness Standard to the Test55nGovernment resolutely refused and obstructed antiretroviral (ARV) medicines in public sector President Mbeki had adopted AIDS denialism: disputes causal link between HIV and AIDS and sees ARV as toxic and fatal South Africa s AIDS pandemic is one of largest in the world 5 600 000 people infected (13 percent of population) 365 000 people dying per year, over 1000 a day Mass orphaning 80-90 000 children maternally infected each year*wA 3Contestation of Mother to Child Transmission Policy44Social protest over government delay and refusal on drugs to prevent mother to child transmission (MTCT) Social groups sue arguing breach of section 27 Government defends approach given drug safety and efficacy and program costs Government strongly contests constitutionality of judicial review of health policy or strong judicial orders Court s willingness to enforce positive duties put to test P  ;Minister of Health v Treatment Action Campaign (TAC) (2002)&<;"; $Court found government policy unreasonably denied lifesaving drug to children born to mostly indigent mothers dependent on state for health care Court affirmed constitutional authority to review health policy and to make mandatory and supervisory orders Rejected right to minimum core without resource limits citing institutional incapacity and democratic considerations Suggestion that case dealt with negative not positive duty Court declared government s responsibility to devise and implement a comprehensive MTCT program within available resources Ordered government to without delay: remove restrictions on drug; make it available in public sector; provide for counsellor training; take reasonable measures to extend testing and counselling facilities throughout public sectorNPvPP"8"" R$ 8  j: Presentation Objections to the Right to Health International Human Rights Conceptualization South African Jurisprudence Implications for Theory and Practice "lo&. \06 Theoretical Implications of Reasonableness standard  756 ^Reasonableness standard may not effectively guide realization No temporal priorities to guide progressive realization (Roux, 2002) No definition of  urgency,  desperation;  poor and vulnerable (Liebenberg, 2002) No substantive content read into section 27 Problematic if reasonableness permits limitless restrictions But focus on basic health needs may approximate core Court has disregarded resource implications in egregious dignity impacts (TAC, Grootboom and Khosa) Reasonableness therefore largely consistent with international human rights law 0P0 G/.  S ^20 Practical Outcomes of Reasonableness Standard  1/0 lGrootboom changed policy frameworks on housing for those in crisis TAC fundamentally altered national treatment policy National MTCT program is now in > 80% clinics 16 228 babies born to HIV+ mothers tested negative (82%) (MoH, 2007) National Treatment Program introduced TAC secured a critical health service for poor and prioritized health needs of poor against competing governmental priorities The right and enforcement conferred a powerful social claim for stigmatized population However significant differences in implementation suggest need for attention to remedial orders and perhaps supervisory jurisdiction mZm l.   `4$ Positive/Negative CharacterizationsApproach shows justiciability of social rights and positive duties Undermines many traditional objections But cautious enforcement of positive duties reifies ideological objections and sharp distinctions Positive/negative does not necessarily equate to action/inaction or resource-heavy/resource-light It may obscure analytical approach to rights and remedies Need to shift to assessing rights from perspective of what needs to be done rather than working within unhelpful categorical straitjacketsP   b6 Conclusion South African right s legal force contingent on judicial willingness to enforce Choices by judiciary are ideologically motivated by deeper conceptions of the appropriate role of law and the state Right to health must target legal cultures and legal education that perpetuate paradigms on social rights Litigation without social action has limited force Rights assume power through social internalization as individual entitlements and collective norms demanding political priorities and legal protection Combination of legal and social strategies through rights discourse, advocacy, social mobilization and litigation may enable right to health to address global health inequalities and place reasonable limits on politics and economics in service of the health interests of the poorP /d #$% & ) *.4e#g$k&z*+,-./0123456789:; 0` 3fff` 3R|:33` ff` ffmo` #fT=` WXcmwnI` v^Xf̙` 3f` ff~bWf3>?" dd@ x?lKd@   @` n?" dd@   @@``PR    @ ` `$p>> "   l (  lbT  ^ l " ^ l c BWC DEFy2@ IB *CN, me;>VvK W !vVJ5ka2IBIBBD@`" ^ l c B>CBDEF@ >BB>B>B @`" > l c \BC)DEdFny2@ha))qWs%Fl&N Y1bQiha48@`"  l c tBCDEpFzy2@ Xv02PzNPFW p(E;%N:<@`" 2 l T?d?" '6 2 l T?yd?",\2  l T?d?"    l < "   T Click to edit Master title style! !6  l <Pw #" ``  RClick to edit Master text styles Second level Third level Fourth level Fifth level!     S l 0\w "@ w ^* H l 0޽h ? 3fff___PPT10i. A+D=' w= @B +  Orbit 0   p/ (  pbT  ^ p " ^ p c BWC DEFy2@ IB *CN, me;>VvK W !vVJ5ka2IBIBBD@`" ^ p c B>CBDEF@ >BB>B>B @`" > p c \BC)DEdFny2@ha))qWs%Fl&N Y1bQiha48@`"  p c tBCDEpFzy2@ Xv02PzNPFW p(E;%N:<@`" 2 p T?d?" '6 2 p T?yd?",\2  p T?d?"    p <xJ  "p J  T Click to edit Master title style! !  p 0dJ  " `   J  W#Click to edit Master subtitle style$ $  p 0 J  "` ` J  \*   p 0L "`  J  ^*  p 0J  "` ` J  ^* H p 0޽h ? 3fff___PPT10i. A+D=' w= @B +0 zr@ (    0 x P   x P*    0x    x R*  d  c $ ?  x  0x  0 x RClick to edit Master text styles Second level Third level Fourth level Fifth level!     S  6x _P  x P*    6x _  x R*  H  0޽h ? 3380___PPT10.~P]A0 XP0 (     s * l` x >dESRC Seminar  Theoretical Perspectives on Global Health and Human Rights 19-20 April 2007, University of Liverpool The Minimum Core, South African Socioeconomic Rights Jurisprudence and the Right to Health: Theoretical and Practical Implications by Dr. Lisa Forman Post-Doctoral Fellow Canadian Institutes of Health Research Comparative Program on Health and Society University of Toronto Email: lisa.forman@utoronto.ca NPs!8s  0H  0޽h ? }ff___PPT10i.`+D=' w= @B + 0 (R(  (~ ( s *  l     ( s * l Z  "P@08XH ( 0޽h ? }ff___PPT10i.+D=' w= @B + +0 t0(  tx t c $ l    x t c $ l`  H t 0޽h ? 3fff___PPT10i.~N+D=' w= @B +} ,0 |$(  |r | S H1 l    r | S |2 l`  H | 0޽h ? 3fff___PPT10i.~0~+D=' w= @B +} -0 $(  r  S H l    r  S hI l`  H  0޽h ? 3fff___PPT10i.+D=' w= @B +$ .0  t$(  tr t S ] l    r t S ^ l`  H t 0޽h ? 3fff80___PPT10.o@@} /0  $(  r  S q l`    r  S r l@  H  0޽h ? 3fff___PPT10i.+D=' w= @B + #0  DR(  D~ D s *t l     D s * l`  "P@08XH D 0޽h ? }ff___PPT10i.+D=' w= @B +1 *0 XP (  ~  s * l   ~  s * l    0 \A d?  l?"?@@   d   <  rSource: UN OHCHR (2006) ""   P  s *޽h ?"` 3333y___PPT10Y+D=' w= @B +$ 00  |$(  |r | S  l    r | S   l`  H | 0޽h ? 3fff80___PPT10. K-6$ 10 0 $(  r  S  l    r  S  l`  H  0޽h ? 3fff80___PPT10.8Z 0 @<(  ~  s * l-   ~  s *< l   H  0޽h ? ̙33y___PPT10Y+D=' w= @B +$ 20 P $(  r  S  l    r  S D l`  H  0޽h ? 3fff80___PPT10.:g $ 30  $(  r  S w l   w r  S hPw l` w H  0޽h ? 3fff80___PPT10.# M$ 40 ` $(  r  S w l   w r  S w l` w H  0޽h ? 3fff80___PPT10. $0  LR(  L~ L s * 8 l   w  L s *? l`Z  "P@08XH L 0޽h ? }ff___PPT10i.+D=' w= @B +$ 50 $(  r  S  l   w r  S J l`  H  0޽h ? 3fff80___PPT10.tR 0 `X<(  X~" X s *] l   w ~ X s *(^ l  H X 0޽h ? 3fffff3̙3f̙___PPT10i.@Z+D=' w= @B +$ 60 $(  r  S Lw l   w r  S x l`  H  0޽h ? 3fff80___PPT10.uHV 0^N0 `<(  `~ ` s * l p  w ~ ` s * l    H ` 0޽h ? 33___PPT10i.p+D=' w= @B +  0 h<(  h~" h s *, l   w ~ h s *t l`  H h 0޽h ? 3fffff3̙3f̙___PPT10i.h+D=' w= @B +  0^N0 p<(  p~ p s *԰ l %  w ~ p s * l`   H p 0޽h ? 33___PPT10i.p+D=' w= @B +$ 70  $(  r  S  l    r  S  l`  H  0޽h ? 3fff80___PPT10.\,:  0  <(  ~  s *lx l   x ~  s *x l   x H  0޽h ? }ff___PPT10i.|i+D=' w= @B + 0^N0 @J(    s * l %  x ~  s *8x l0` x H  0޽h ? 33___PPT10i.+D=' w= @B + 0^N0 <(  ~  s *J  l   J  ~  s *xJ  l@ J  H  0޽h ? 33___PPT10i.p+D=' w= @B + &0 p `R(  `~ ` s *J  l   J   ` s * $J  l`Z J  "P@08XH ` 0޽h ? }ff___PPT10i.+D=' w= @B +$ 80 $$(  $r $ S 2J  l   J  r $ S 3J  l` J  H $ 0޽h ? 3fff80___PPT10.0ԚE$ 90 ,$(  ,r , S DNJ  l @  J  r , S pOJ  l@P J  H , 0޽h ? 3fff80___PPT10. $ :0 4$(  4r 4 S bJ  l   J  r 4 S @cJ  l` J  H 4 0޽h ? 3fff80___PPT10.g$ ;0 <$(  <r < S ԃx l   x r < S x l` x H < 0޽h ? 3fff80___PPT10.0 P,(  ^  S    x  c $x 0  x " H  0޽h ? 3380___PPT10.n0 ,,(  ,^ , S     , c $4 0   " H , 0޽h ? 3380___PPT10.@ص0 p\,(  \^ \ S     \ c $t 0   " H \ 0޽h ? 3380___PPT10.~Pc 0 d,(  d^ d S     d c $Ș 0   " H d 0޽h ? 3380___PPT10.~Pc 0 l,(  l^ l S     l c $( 0   " H l 0޽h ? 3380___PPT10.~Pc 0 t,(  t^ t S     t c $ 0   " H t 0޽h ? 3380___PPT10.~@=c0 0,(  ^  S      c $$ 0   " H  0޽h ? 3380___PPT10.~@c0 P,(  ^  S      c $J  0   " H  0޽h ? 3380___PPT10.~@c0 ,(  ^  S    J   c $J  0  J  " H  0޽h ? 3380___PPT10.~0ic0 P,(  ^  S      c $ @   " H  0޽h ? ̙3380___PPT10.dz80  H,(  H^ H S     H c $ 0   " H H 0޽h ? 3380___PPT10.@ص90 0 P,(  P^ P S    x P c $pF 0  x " H P 0޽h ? 3380___PPT10.@ص:0  d,(  d^ d S    J  d c $/J  0  J  " H d 0޽h ? 3380___PPT10.@صC0  ,(  ^  S      c $@ @   " H  0޽h ? ̙3380___PPT10.)0   (  X  C      S l/ 0   " H  0޽h ? 3380___PPT10.vN0   (  X  C      S E 0   " H  0޽h ? 3380___PPT10.vN0   (  X  C      S |[ 0   " H  0޽h ? 3380___PPT10.v/Q;0 0  (  X  C      S  0   " H  0޽h ? 3380___PPT10.v/Q0 @  (  X  C      S  0   " H  0޽h ? 3380___PPT10.v/Q<0 P  (  X  C      S 8 0   " H  0޽h ? 3380___PPT10.vV?0 `  (  X  C      S  0   " H  0޽h ? 3380___PPT10.vV@0 p  (  X  C      S Lx 0   " H  0޽h ? 3380___PPT10.vZXH0   (  X  C      S # 0   " H  0޽h ? 3380___PPT10.vZXA0   (  X  C      S 6 0   " H  0޽h ? 3380___PPT10.vZX%0   (  X  C      S  \ 0   " H  0޽h ? 3380___PPT10.vZX*0   (  X  C      S  0   " H  0޽h ? 3380___PPT10.vZD0   (  X  C      S  0   " H  0޽h ? 3380___PPT10.vZ00   (  X  C    J   S 0LJ  0  J  " H  0޽h ? 3380___PPT10.v<]20    (   X   C    J    S `J  0  J  " H   0޽h ? 3380___PPT10.v_40   (  X  C    J   S tJ  0  J  " H  0޽h ? 3380___PPT10.v_60   (  X  C    J   S p{J  0  J  " H  0޽h ? 3380___PPT10.v_Rx ?93箮ܢK"{KNJ(YRk%KȖY"RZM?3̹\~ﭏ;9g^gl39wK?,Q+O%˱ΦYl'ѲWu6%%TCT~c~F4^V^ {XO=hRYl՟s}?϶u[5#;rMP;.dcu:l?:v*?\ˠUj|^ O%l!+4BMYհrhg=xΏy<ίZj:οj ǠbQqeeC%[|ΖÒ.ũeezm²D]u ZuQyQI|P7 nB݌*Uu+8$4 ,<6T6uw5TuT hDBF݅UUUu7*.;nAMPMQPC@DBݏjjjjjୗNΨP]P*BuE=z('1To>(}QPOBG=`qwP;zn?dG+1{ٵCGWAO}EG,b_pUA ?r4\C^V}ةi?p$pV^[nN(VM6C vЪq!3Cr$ 6!{s|UztiU<)R'MM|٫}x.`CiS9v/}N<_\r 뇷ffDW ye%Z`"!ir䛟yoe{S%! .ߧpou롯NkhҒP<Ofcb *Z&q"8hq2]~PEe6?F+ƣA&*I -ATfZ1ZvQMiӒ%25{jKP9$S-QTfb'Z1u)KEe6K/E]2QM⢷>Њ)*I尳̉-&ƃZ1rl+2ľӊ<ۻڕ2h+QWAJTf8~ջZ*Ю$YS+^ -&qZ17*<2֊yP@FTf8t[ZԵЮ$>3VuDe6nъ#慖W(8MZ1/* Z&b*?27h l nv&_zx# 2ľił l nv&ϘZ&ThEDe6_XA+&*yЊP%ٸu T)hDeu] UZYQMⓆ,<27bynBQUB=PU$4+B**QY+VEUV]Tf8xU rDՂVKT m]kv+۴]:lG,ٮA'*IT/CՇV_Tfwb}Th De6c{{ P5$_Ck,*IjVlj &1yn Z3QMCϾ92ikbsT h-De63 3-P-$ZO+DJTf8{^lj &qyakT[hmEe6/oҟENTf`^l&qCZ#2#3΢2ĥ*tF=QMⲷ|<&q#Z !hlWV|ZWQMk;bWT7hDe6V&ͺ&q(27_-&q~+PA{LTf^| 8Ee6[~GGTf/bT_h}Ee6ӊ}Q$~=%*IuKihOlwV|5QMO+ @ 6HTf3{P $0QC $I8,gEe6п,9hωl׿j82ďҋQ#$~ݽQFl??Vz 2|5QMW߅ m&XxhEe6'E+GM6ATf_$hDe6?VJ,*I3Z15QMOA&*IZqj:2~S+NG̀6CTfiYflo8 5lQMgj٨9l#H m&z.jy2S'=y,*I<|e|hEe6 {G-@TfxhUlJ+.D-HTf}| WDe6MъC[,*I\(QM⫃i%Жl_V\zګ2>_E-LTf~ rQMfMr h+De6/SG+@RTf8fu *QMЊ*k^$.]B+Z m&q`[jhkDe6ϔԋkPo@{CTfA|:QMŵ:zhEe6ϗѯ 6lG+76A$*q)_Z+nBmYTf82Zq3j -2qj-%*IXV| 6QG vQM;GvlW]+@턶STf8j% .QMl nQMꕵn^h{Ee6kVՊ{QA{OTfjZ=>hDe6}l֮B;(*I\vWMxu!QM:!ahEe6è#ЎlԻK+A}CQM{֊>&uǨO}**I)3hl75i?CvTTfY#x/De6[Z4ӊ_A;&*Ql\+C} KQM[mZj/Q_AJTf^2mh}-*I|S;5h߈lAvRTf`'x-oEe6ۻ E};QMnjPC^Tf#iQ?@ATfaS2^ݵ)ԏ~$VuiQM>=iO~$W:O,*QV _De6zB+گ2ŧi_QAMTfgZ7hgDe6{׊gPC]Tf8dV?De6 տnOhl {F+ _2ՊFqsZoYhgEe6G׊gQ)RDe6^PhI"$V !lQ1Z¢2Ck0R(QMbR4hQd-FTfL+1HbEe6/MӊHqDe6GL׊qHEe6fjxlвl??[+fC-&WiL.(.ѿ?s Rh9De6KjHEe6,{E+&"] RQM+hKrB)*Ilr)\25+b.ˡ].*I#冖[մڣ9@#*IhDe6__)?2o߫#V@Tfxnvg}Hnv& 2ď A+$*Io8>B* &qZ0Mn$nY܄t3Ee6kg{7#VDTfbhXhlB+**I|i5HBUTf8 ="VLTf8{gX 82ZiH%$jRIh%Ee6}֊%JA+%*I|ZRihEe6Vҿ^ 22vo֊eB++*Il~sV,TZ9Q3#{GP_W(5&[xqwgl+RQkUi >9y#JͰWV6ڎ*-G<\.4'-Sqʖfqn2[j[)Lzm)^-ҋNR?]BLcKzei@q̖Ń{Vk*HV#gh<\CJUM$fW<\CJIHJyɠ/S8U8 "uP >_yppH)ZQ5DbVСJO8WR(!RF >)*R R5Dj|RO8WR(4!R%998V\)%K&{ oU fR5DbVq|,&X^ƥ~uv9mcb4/wj2mcXVG w;wwR 0sCednYwXQQX/T==V-6[xKK}uTEUp{e%(:Mn~9mM`OvG_~Ӯݖ/߅qoAP+dY;n'eiV7In_>.;K7a/_Š.j-`{[jPf- lq3ͰjjI[[ҌW*e5tQjK[i4Ӕ!P*uH#[4s!PHƾ eTDK8PfR8 M)9Y(~KR)R qRw41Y(tR8 /H-ҸȖfk-VpH)FI- -ͮ@Qk"w Rw4*XNñx[ K[ ;~έ$8ki-X;ɪiMFMEMľpgՖzlMw0[di-:xka|-k4CѿFjSۻzIZųW-͌L[Zmliyh_03z?e -LٕK곞;G=Mk7ˬd,uN cX 1@R߰ҟas2)~H"ZʭV+mKq!p?m?'ms2)(ҟ9Ba. )h)?ҟqpH)vH5iWDtJNvRR mRMDb?'Rg<R -RMDXɂ*&&"mh)9~#F,/޾)Ӗ291]K4ob-i7\rl8ڊw^>~Qdj ~[ۼ%%Q澱L"76cڭ@ѿRjSۻzV,gZʃ Rk!} y[̹8<#/UU-p%b-v[ɖEloAK eć޳BP1|䠥܊UKT)Blh?HAK(AK h6"1-M-RvG(!kBmEE44J9Pډ44JwʨJ-б77ħݷ_Ѿɾܴߥ´ǰ[{ڱ%ڥ{ٶ(d+6=s|>eβܳ./ȞԹ&߻Ϥ=b&5Sk,fJ`o*W{K=RYam/:w8nS}L/#\2W^LnMDGY+o|7fˊrW0ە@E/ֺpThYpkRޢaR)VK ^9K{4wײM߭9ꑽزjD[ɭ[cҢVaYօ"K=Q)@[ǓYx;28+jtۚSlwEX=.V[eu!V;enOIIFEbܔ]rmy]GJFu)ٚ0a/>J&cDIJ8%1e%?K4L hhDwߒ7&XyIb2̨!t?T[W[ޖWf| /(,v-S?rnȟ D%4Oņ#~ڭW"Yd]}wyƠwR ݰ6i37OZRqO² vbb,>*8GK~&9`uH^O*!ݖ5Uֵp;:XwX[e;Bl>:5(DmpɍXX xP9y P;RGɿ_;F+˿B>I2&Y,NʿBנb-1˲z^cJrv{Lٱr4i[~,kcz֖Uuk)s]a*2CG;KK2f;Gϕdo#kznp!+{M)B mphukU[%E)Cޔe1h眯f-SblQmWa#R[ũPs*vcVaVail؍ݭ[qeeXUY\\gN [- fXgiۆuGwmY>^CNd4xl` %44KCGR c)j`ruˎK~7¸`y7Pguza-~ks1?\L $,)s{&a͖rіR }K&:bDLْz챪u|3jM_kF2#׭^b'^x>gzf\Y/1w->ׂw(k!/ZY 8y]"[$1*kA2X qtʃqݐײozUuy#FɫZAGtvMyU/Cnj]bYURkmp[VUmi8E^{=reX޼F[I3:w;5a, (=9^6s}ȝ;?.d8]m,]mMMG͗ߒú-}Wt0|9ܸm;vksXavBC<3av*_inm7bZjOO䞔q*=wy8ʧ))g?*돷Z˯W-q({_C:_GOEk2 oZ'~6xJr?ZJvM~~;Z$[{N(VZl5k 12-ʷPM]#ϟ@WWyXҶf;vS?ӇvFOarerm+b?Uy+_:_NN3?C #ST(73S wݱ鿯2I+妴BJ'25$ >I+D,9&A,yGBQM/ԊEPBU$b9vJ+ފ*&qA,*&ЊPe$9V,&ϾӊPU$V &XUZUQM⎏ъUQ5$ZZ2ķ>8k@#*Ir+XUZ}QMԊQ5$n8x\+6F5L$2?v&qϵ}VZl=[Bk+*I\3ZQMk~;:C,*I\K/vF=!QMkŇPݠu$C/vC 2QQMjGQ$V&q[h>~ʱ9C/*I!ȴ΄2Ĺ׊8"*I¹os2ij۴Њϡ&Zyʱ%-ZQM3jŵ6l +jItۢ2ās6kŷQlI+A%Jx_Tf̍Z} lO2jIx$>5U/~ڏ&e/c?9M#whmoQ0yjMb 봢JbŊ$EҋOӋP%gZjhW5Zj(Š5) ?dUVQԤ,>Ϻ";)*;4TT BtZwQ^IhO|Ǟ'6BT => -YT ='C m̆rQM`C[&hDezvl]S쀲>QMs>(G$Eߓ:82q(?@ATf8jGjl_xUkJضXnza;J *I\%'2+bN(y$N\kԒ lW @) &qsעPC+/*IF/R Z5QM⌵J-ɪ &q:u4XTf8{^l %29δZ{QM⼍WC&q&\ݡGTfp>PA$*I|eAPC.*I\PC/*I|u^ei2eN2QMך@Ym&qNKZTfzGZq5-жl׼` vlD+rQMwS@'2 }?rqQMCw2wP@;#*IzP(u*IZrxh2퇏ix(9$}לPv&q{C)&qG A)&q'K@&qߧ*B&gkj@&Sԃr/{Ee6V+ =2#ץ0Ee6}va($~rB}Oo($~PA&*IWà6VTfxZq,iЦlN4($^|(ˡ-$~sJ]r(k$~{Wh[De6Ve7ݢ2S?PC;,*IhDe6))A-&o=P @+ *I} *~Bkʍn$\F(rӟ!RZ!QBP C+,*I<0$*I 7A͢2_KJhEDe6_ѿT-n$~yXJ-PB+**I<ǢPnv&W]oR Z1QM^RZqQMg{RZ QM⧻WRZIQM'璉R Z)QMߕ*4Ң2ߋ+ 22#@RZYQM[䖅RZ9QMA)&wC&zvQMHnRZEQM5kŊP*A$*Iܻ5X $YR+2ʢ2+kP@"*I|wRXJUhUEe6;.֊UTVMTfEZЪlw,ZC&/kPjB)*I\Xʝ$5wVJ-hDe6[fҊԆV[Tfy X]$n1M+nhwl7LRZQMSb(u$OB&qZ{#*I|cXxl׌}Q+ևZQM/֊ 4PTfzHJ#hDe6|^+6ZcQMiP@k"*I\19JShMEe6ˇ>Bi&qِgb3(BWTft x/Кl C}2O׊Ai&qSOjPZBk)*I\دVl V2Oъ~QM{kZTf8^Z56ڈl@i &qΣݵb[($aJ{hEe6~H+ZQṀhP:B(*IѥV3΢2i:hP@"*IҾVAhl'mZWQM[jŮPA&*I> JwhEe6W+v(GEe6mZQM⸦b($mP+De6c׊Ay2ՊC&zub(}$S[+$'Ee6jԊOB&qDZ?=-*I|FU4lW@m&qXJZqlV e!2ġߦ@ m&qmeP(à $>SVyhϋl.2 (QM⠒Ŵ((c$,^T+ -YTf.qVL2LQ뺤^ e>2R8RhKEe6kťPVC[-*SFQMȲ%(@{GTfcPNϼe}2>(@@Tfc2Z(G$?5Ee6o/r )QMbrZ3ΈlT@?E$NVh12o׊1Pr@!*IUEr%+Ee6+\:QMjwhVHTfr }/ЊlC)&qѝմby(UU$.U]+VR Z-QM5b-($.Kkf2wߩAi &qUZZ5:lW՟}t Z7QMzwinPzC-*I\{Z7lן2QM3!PFB)*I8xhEe64ЊL6UTfY#8hsDe6͛h9PB[(*IҢV\e)2V͵R($nmB+&7Ee6oտn&6lݯ7CmFmPvB)*IQN($ݹVC2.!(AHTf`'Ўlwտz}qhEe6_a?[hߊlwt׿ -(*I|ѮZG(g(@9 &qgGY(N:+QɉNbŊlwc䀖CTfnǴb(({\+悒ZnQSOhP%lw?4 ʍn$'F(@ETfw[VRTfXJ9hDe6ԊTVQTfsbE(աU$>D+VRZQ∡Zl_EJ3hDe6/ti5֢2cW㴆 Z'QMq+:AyC2 ZQMW^Z_QMBm&Tl 6TTf8]P(#(_ 88hDe6Zq)Цl̙@ mFqL8hDe6_V0¢2{+ VhlV((b4ۡ.*ISC&C-R Z-QMN.2a7!B}W!2bC(5x|4l4TTfc˵[-M4LTfcKݳ͠4\TfgICi&mb (-$~-JTfxx-l~hlmҷCi&ϒZ;QM⾵b;($}Ck2=k=P:B(*IܽZkN2]? JghEe6;W?Jh]De6ۗ-Ԋ]<!QM%‡tUTfkW(ݠu$n^?chl7(=$=U+ZOQMYbO(A{LTffUǠ<qQM)P&q$O@ &qk}< IQMⲱ#P&qkOA&q Cm&qHg @m&qg@( $.cl_f0g=#*I7tV|hCDe6sտ5ʳО$V|PhCEe6/ Bys2Yi>e82e2ĩ62HQMwGBm&1]QPFC-*I[eh(/B{QTf8z6VTf8X(㡍$pG8hDe6_3$hDe6#ъ$CK$謿N*dhEe6;ҊL6ETf8z)PB**I|sSL6MTfl[4Am&W+΀2LQMVi΄2 ,QMi΂2lQML e92ħꯞey2~W!σ2Ee6O4_)2lԿS+·BQMcukŅPA[$*IuwUbhEe6b1Жl6e)eЖl2(ˡ-$vdr(+$>xW+RTfإ3g+5QMb{ jhEe6?_^$v(WT+e 52eh5Pހ&m雵PB[+*IlSV\ e=2VnԊlATfZq6l9I+n &QM7ՊlYTfشZq3жʜ9`(%}GƄC巍Q;! /rX+ǪqolZ͡8\>/³kŶ=>6ݕ毴[*(ڥz6ǰG/c=6ڳ3%ʳҺ<0j-wrr8l##$Y ޿LؽN}Gn]j[9jxk*&Kk,[9 K>5G”9RR/팷k\#לZ %r>ߵ>&<KBmo lYTrFUt&ەI6R<|]\CJp35ݦĬ%S8U8 eѨ6%f(=\CJPmSbӁrppF C͵)1}g%ppH) 8Q/۔^׈@Is)µN2jMﱾ(z ǹ B!3Ȧ'eq!PLE-)1g!S%ppH)lg:jM?ߚ(<\CJpƞZjSb,q!PzզC(Wx ǹ B= ̦Ĭ!JO8WR(/>.5W<\CJ2}@.Ps)V)1+e\*R Q۔ WZs)OlJVp]rpH):g>)1^ZRZs)}YlJJ rpH)̾O*Ki*R RwKI+Kbq!P(gQφRmNo8WR(./,3VT\CY& &J#+x-)}*B4G6%fVx}C3gܯx9md6 ,Nsexiv8 0A2ge4Ǣ߽ۜ_ VǹώC'T YZ{"jzx=' ^d/ oAtlʰg]yl䑍%UxL}7q_(/৲qkRu{ ۅ[[2v-Wzٯ{ZզTeQpuT.uP_Զ9n?Y7 կ]ά_>^vc+YZ1j+o9:ijJ߿=|H\ мZj^ϥT7mQNm[UˊPEvm[P(\=M9JпUB1mJA6PRfE(.Ӧo%*e~B艨mJA6PRD(Q)6%(AV)" gB%(AV)" DME9%(AV)[" '%(AV);" G@E9m[P(v(1@ J9P5 PboqBaT[*(AF)" I8"r2Bb1 ע"ߔr:B0O*Y,ٿ 3 _Ci^Td6P2 5 8m?[(̙o3CN;:j2rh0gepQgmN˜iGM@esZl4cQ؜߿TtQOT8s;3 u_O7D[;% y|ѕFx\Qѻbe+5ε5.?أ~D'F`OΞu^2+{}q{[1{oQ_`9jU{2Վc:~c:n}V/joֆάyWQ8[ڋp/Q~n%۲oyۈwN92N5%fVgj-߿yۑ~vdpԤ0)f$Cߎ ;ߎ  bFJ;@@0:f CFogEMaX8m%f;?P|;?P( ݡo߿]o ~1ɨJ%f*P**P(􈙂PbV[uR3Uաo߿o 61QJ~vG~vGPh3Uݡo߿o 13Q5J~PC~PP3 Uӡo?߿8P(T s  7KtJIEoO߃:NF\SYótsrt~tP-U'ѿ=(~{<qrb;BII )B!{4TUcTqx;s& ӆc7á!9 ˇӄb&*:V,N=UY6iƢ;߾!X~v߿o;\c#l<.cj}!l5d+5ε5.U.ݲ?&SԹ4sULa'oLAP NqS|Nuc=뽘ooUSՖvDSqCjQve߰6TvjLf[T6% /_YPxGkKڔs׺{>yܳ_piШĸaΥqf_ԑu ǍDUp(1ʸ%p K7Uѡ+_q29.B8n CWf.N]yu Hs^ n6u߅Ie4b'99+;UZcu۠KI}[9. ŽwWI++tlʰg]yl䑍%UxL7q_(`]يpsqMpK N΀2γŝq:boqqС+)h2~ CW+~<CJ(~*CWW1S0 㧣9}ApN s' gu(1Jy1S0 eg;}i]~<CJP$~>4+ʿ<CJp}Npy B!}εR??8 " \JM;1S0 aN6m_)ϒ1q3P:‘J]KvR nU _㦡:mcTT3g/p9wqQYY>書Ie4'&q8-sV w:e ߺa0zK:QK9/<_y23 6gph*y-]UieF3<6*<&p.M6\"n-\\{\R|wm\MT\u痸*Οqw8v|E'.sY|y'@|(, rզTeQpuT.uP_ԶlsY7 /Y'qܷ'S3kq$̸_[""N_~-_߯M8E5#wN } LX c펋wdww9t,bzw|_y[v~wFAG{Q> qոFj\h5n{=FUS9e׼~$ۄlaeㆲ9B7i k/vRUQ'+.m{uԥ=ޭg֫cnv۸GG vi5X$*0lbs?~qӞ|4oS"^+MRƥF޷͸_Pe UWr~S^+?*36)*gƳʶon|#_Q #(eiMcJr4fVaRM̍Sfge;cS U85U-)n}Fj]|*^t,Zq+$ߘ[Xߜv7]$zMwQi#Sѿ'̫5fϭEuRͳz%]e|?զ#Aħ95v SDn2-Mrj5Wiְ%uV Z Yhi.dɟo>K>[輱۳ٽ%խFr=cմǙ_1=<Ƹ{ޘ޵U߰a~YMK4m?H}̖=Y<$zK~ST,ɒolǚkRٲ'ǚo?/4k|G}ԯEgxY)e|*;<'u?4)Lrt @@*E & #@ .R) v. 3 :"90W=;? qJT\^ `F br d@%K*'j0;N)Ensu x@.Qr+-/1358&:><V>n@BDFHJLOУ1Oh+'0T hp  Slide 1 Lisa FormanOrbit 288Microsoft PowerPoint@ @qkg~@B-v GSg  )'    """)))UUUMMMBBB999|PP3f333f3333f3ffffff3f̙3ff333f333333333f33333333f33f3ff3f3f3f3333f33̙33333f333333f3333f3ffffff3f33ff3f3f3f3fff3ffffffffff3ffff̙fff3fffff3fff333f3f3ff3ff33f̙̙3̙ff̙̙̙3f̙3f333f3333f3ffffff3f̙3f3f3f333f3333f3ffffff3f̙3f3ffffffffff!___www 4'A x(xKʦ """)))UUUMMMBBB999|PP3f3333f333ff3fffff3f3f̙f3333f3333333333f3333333f3f33ff3f3f3f3333f3333333f3̙33333f333ff3ffffff3f33f3ff3f3f3ffff3fffffffff3fffffff3f̙ffff3ff333f3ff33fff33f3ff̙3f3f3333f333ff3fffff̙̙3̙f̙̙̙3f̙3f3f3333f333ff3fffff3f3f̙3ffffffffff!___www_________________<_<_<_<<<<<<<<<<_____________<_<_<_<<<<<<<________________<_<_<<<<<<<<<<____________<_<_<_<<<<<<<<__________________<_<_<<<<<<<<<<_____________<_<_<_<<<<<<<<<________________<_<_<<<<<<<<<<<____________<_<_<_<<<<<<<<<_________________<_<_<_<<<<<<<<<<_____________<_<_<_<<<<<<<<_______________<_<_<<<<<<<<<<_<____________<_<_<_<<<<<<<<__________________<_<_<<<<<<<<<<_____________<_<_<_<<<<<<<_<______________<_<_<<<<<<<<<<____________<_<_<_<<<<<<<<______________<_<_<_<<<<<<<<<<______________<_<_<_<<<<<<<_____________<_<_<<<<<<<<<<____________<_<_<_<<<<<<<<_____________<_<_<<<<<<<<<<____________<_<_<_<<<<<<<_________<_<_<<<<<<<<<<_________<_<_<_<<<<<<<<______<_<_<_<<<<<<<<<<__________<_<_<_<<<<<<<______<_<_<<<<<<<<<<_______<_<_<_<<<<<<<<____<_<_<<<<<<<<<<______<_<_<_<<<<<<<__<_<_<<<<<<<<<<___<_<_<_<<<<<<<<<_<_<<<<<<<<<<__<_<_<_<<<<<<<<_<<<<<<<<<<__<_<_<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<_<_<<<<<<<_<<<<<<<<___<<<<<<<<<_<<<<<<_<<<<<___<<<<___<<<<<___<<__<<<_<<<_<<<<<՜.+,D՜.+,\    On-screen ShowUniversity of Toronto &ArialTimes New Roman WingdingsGulim MS MinchoOrbitMicrosoft Graph ChartSlide 1Presentation %1. Objections to the Right to Health0Inaccuracy of the Positive/Negative Distinction,All Rights Impose Costs and Multiple DutiesThreat is of Persistent Bias"Ideological Roots of ContestationPresentation =A Post-Ontological Era for the International Right to Health.Expert Interpretations of the Right to Health6UNCESCR General Comment 3 on State Obligations (1994)5UNCESCR General Comment 14 on Right to Health (2000)Implications of CoreContent of the Core? "Core Creates Normative Hierarchy Presentation *South African Constitution Act 90 of 1996<Section 27: Everyones Right to Access Health Care Services-Constitutional Certification Judgment (1996)(Soobramoney v Minister of Health (1996)%Grootboom v Government of RSA (2000)(Elements of the Reasonableness StandardImplications of Grootboom 5AIDS Policy Puts Reasonableness Standard to the Test4Contestation of Mother to Child Transmission Policy<Minister of Health v Treatment Action Campaign (TAC) (2002)Presentation 7 Theoretical Implications of Reasonableness standard 1 Practical Outcomes of Reasonableness Standard % Positive/Negative Characterizations Conclusion  Fonts UsedDesign TemplateEmbedded OLE Servers Slide Titles 8@ _PID_HLINKSAxmailto:lisa.forman@utoronto.ca_L    !"#$%&'()*+,-./0123456789:;<=>?@ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ[\]^_`abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz{|}~      %Root EntrydO)Pictures$Current UserSummaryInformation(TPowerPoint Document(pDocumentSummaryInformation8