аЯрЁБс>ўџ .0ўџџџ-џџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџьЅСY П/bjbjѓWѓW ‘=‘=ƒ Ћџџџџџџ]ŒŒŒœШШШјјјјј  јWЖ22222$ єvBШ22222BтШШ22ттт2pШ2Ш2мъЌКШШ2т:тШШ2 АdйњY ЧјјЂ@ESRC Research Seminar 'Global Health and Human Rights: Theory, Process and Susbtance', Seminar 1, Liverpool, 19th and 20th of April 2007. Taking a Human Rights Approach to Health Care Commercialisation Brigit Toebes Commercialisation or privatisation of public health care services is increasingly taking place in many countries across the world. In this paper, the implications of health care commercialisation are addressed from a human rights perspective. In principle, human rights law is neutral on the issue of health care commercialisation. In other words, human rights may be satisfied through whatever mix of public and private sector services is appropriate in the national context. Public health experts, however, warn that health care commercialisation leads to an increase in health disparities, in particular in poor nations. They suggest that ethical principles, including equity, should be embedded in privatisation processes so as to guarantee the quality and accessibility of health care services to all groups of society. This suggests that a closer look needs to be taken at the existing human rights laws. It appears that despite their above-mentioned neutrality, they can offer an interesting framework for assessing the consequences of health care commercialisation. In this paper a ‘human rights impact assessment’ is designed for states when they introduce commercialisation. Questions that will be addressed are: ‘What is health care commercialisation, what are the trends?’ ‘Which human rights are involved?’ ‘How can health care commercialisation put the protection of these rights under threat?’. The paper uses the term ‘commercialisation’ to address a wide range of trends, including the privatisation of the insurance branch, the contracting out of health care services to private health care providers, an increase in out-of-pocket-expenditure, and the increasing permeation of national health markets by multinational corporations. It will address health care commercialisation trends in a number of countries, including the Netherlands, the United Kingdom, Lebanon, Vietnam, and China. For the human rights impact assessment, a number of human rights are of particular relevance: the right to participation, the right to health, the right to a remedy and the right to privacy. The paper discusses how these rights may come under threat due to the various commercialisation trends.  Lecturer, the University of Aberdeen School of Law. For an overview of her projects see  HYPERLINK http://www.abdn.ac.uk/law/hhr.shtml http://www.abdn.ac.uk/law/hhr.shtml .  Brigit Toebes, Taking a human rights approach to health care commercialisation, in Patricia Cholewka and Mitra M Motlagh, ‘Health Capital and sustainable socioeconomic development’, Routledge (ISBN 9781420046908), forthcoming in September 2007. pry{‹ЭЮлмno  ƒ „ н о 2367G†./§љ§љ§ѕѕ§ь§ь§§хрирерхг§60JjU jU j0JUj0JCJU5CJCJH*CJ‹ŒЭЮногдПР  h i Y Z  ‚ ƒ 6-./§ћћћ§§§§§§§§§§іііііі§§є§§§d№‹ŒЭЮногдПР  h i Y Z  ‚ ƒ 6-./§§§ћћћћћћљїѕ А‚. АЦA!А"А# $ %АDаЩъyљКЮŒ‚ЊKЉ $http://www.abdn.ac.uk/law/hhr.shtmlрЩъyљКЮŒ‚ЊKЉ Hhttp://www.abdn.ac.uk/law/hhr.shtml [$@ёџ$NormalmH <A@ђџЁ<Default Paragraph Font0B@ђ0 Body TextdрCJ.@. Footnote Text8&@Ђ8Footnote ReferenceH*(U@Ђ!( Hyperlink>*B*2P@22 Body Text 25CJлn/ ГЊ­џџ­/ џџџџ џџ/ / / / Z‹Џ­Xџ€LUелƒ ? E ” œ Ё І Љ А в п ю ї 0 ~˜egƒ … И 3 5 0 џџ gijs fehmers4F:\Brigit Toebes\Publications\Liverpool abstract.doc gijs fehmersJC:\DOCUME~1\gijs\LOCALS~1\Temp\AutoRecovery save of Liverpool abstract.asdџ@€T!С/ €@G‡z€џTimes New Roman5€Symbol3& ‡z€џArial"qˆаh^ЊЋFЌЊЋF!ЅРДД€>0=џџBrigit Toebes gijs fehmers gijs fehmersўџр…ŸђљOhЋ‘+'Гй0lˆЈДЬиш   ( 4 @LT\dфBrigit Toebes rig gijs fehmers ijsNormalh gijs fehmers 6jsMicrosoft Word 8.0@zЅT@ŠO Ч@XќѓY ЧўџеЭеœ.“—+,љЎDеЭеœ.“—+,љЎ<ј hp|„Œ” œЄЌД М зф /j Brigit Toebes Title<(RZВ _PID_GUID _PID_HLINKSфAN{0473868B-BE0B-4C1B-AB8A-3019F71A6993}A€~4$http://www.abdn.ac.uk/law/hhr.shtml ўџџџўџџџўџџџ !"#$ўџџџ&'()*+,ўџџџ§џџџ/ўџџџўџџџўџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџRoot Entryџџџџџџџџ РFРTexP ЧА_BћY Ч1€Data џџџџџџџџџџџџ 1TableџџџџџџџџWordDocumentџџџџSummaryInformation(џџџџџџџџџџџџDocumentSummaryInformation8џџџџџџџџ%CompObjџџџџjObjectPoolџџџџџџџџџџџџА_BћY ЧА_BћY Чўџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџўџ џџџџ РFMicrosoft Word Document MSWordDocWord.Document.8є9Вq