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his new ground in 1+\(+. )Tj 0 Tw 18.776 0 Td ( )Tj 6 0 0 6 241.756 260.4692 Tm (1')Tj 10 0 0 10 248.428 257.2692 Tm [( )278( )]TJ 0.1412 Tw T* ( By this time both men were )Tj 0.1266 Tw -19.443 -1.3 Td [(raising teams to play the Hambledon club which,)37( in its heyday)92(,)37( included )]TJ 0.067 Tw 0 -1.3 TD [(aristocrats such as Lord Dunkellin and )37(V)37(iscount Palmerston,)37( father of the )]TJ 0.0029 Tw T* [(V)37(ictorian statesman,)37( as well as the renowned patrons of eighteenth4century )]TJ 0 Tw T* [(cricket the Earl of )37(T)86(ankerville and the Duke of Dorset. )278( )]TJ 6 0 0 6 288.908 208.4692 Tm (18)Tj 10 0 0 10 295.58 205.2691 Tm [( )278( )278( )]TJ -23.158 -1.3 Td ( )Tj 0.0636 Tw 0 0 TD [(Participation in cricket clubs,)37( however)111(,)37( was not con\021)278( )64(ned to members of )]TJ 0.021 Tw -1 -1.3 Td [(the aristocracy)92(.)37( )37(Although speci\021)278( )21(c information relating to clubs in London\220)74(s )]TJ -0.08 Tw 0 -1.3 TD [(surrounding market 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/FlateDecode /Length 463 >> stream xTN0)\PeGʉGDeiH@JbejO-ϛf2ݕM}4yyO0?&jV%݁EtC (hcW­?J"VSTD Bm|tXo2fR\0k j0Cg 2CC*6t@ NG endstream endobj 73 0 obj << /Type /Annot /Subtype /Link /Rect [63.81 15.849609 175.332 23.774414] /Border [0 0 0] /A 151 0 R >> endobj 74 0 obj << /Type /Annot /Subtype /Link /Rect [178.5 15.849609 318.048 23.774414] /Border [0 0 0] /A 152 0 R >> endobj 75 0 obj << /Type /Annot /Subtype /Link /Rect [69.804 23.774414 162.582 31.699219] /Border [0 0 0] /A 153 0 R >> endobj 76 0 obj << /Filter /FlateDecode /Length 10 >> stream x+| endstream endobj 77 0 obj << /Length 4916 >> stream q 1 0 0 1 0.5 1 cm -5.5 0 431 646 re W n 1 0 0 1 -0.5 -1 cm BT /GS0 gs /T1_0 1 Tf 0.1 Tc 9 0 0 9 191.265 608.2672 Tm (\032?\031 >\033\035=$)Tj 0 Tc -15.267 -63.559 Td (8-)Tj 0.0006 Tw 10 0 0 10 53.866 582.2693 Tm (were able to mix both with each other and with members of the traditiona\ l )Tj 0 Tw 0 -1.3 TD [(landed elite. )278( )]TJ 6 0 0 6 106.095 572.4692 Tm (17)Tj 10 0 0 10 112.767 569.2693 Tm [( )278( )278( )]TJ -4.89 -1.3 Td ( )Tj -0.0336 Tw 0 0 TD (These organisations were primarily aimed at providing recreational activ\ 4)Tj 0.0033 Tw -1 -1.3 Td [(ities for their members,)37( and participation in the sport often took place on a )]TJ 0.0289 Tw 0 -1.3 TD [(social footing in the form of )74(\217pick up\220 matches between teams of members.)37( )]TJ 0.0438 Tw T* [(During the 1+\(-s,)37( clubs at Coxheath,)37( Bridge Hill and the Sudbury )74(\217cricket )]TJ 0.0913 Tw T* [(society\220 in Suffolk all staged such matches on a regular basis.)37( Dining and )]TJ 0.0805 Tw T* (drinking were usually incorporated into proceedings and at Coxheath the \ )Tj 0.0204 Tw T* [(day\220)74(s play was concluded with a dinner which cost ' shillings for members )]TJ 0.0098 Tw T* [(and 8 shillings for non4members.)37( )]TJ 0 Tw 14.515 0 Td ( )Tj 0.0098 Tw 0 0 TD (Professionals were also employed to raise )Tj 0.0728 Tw -14.515 -1.3 Td [(the standard of play)92(.)37( )37(They received expenses for horse hire,)37( 1 shilling and )]TJ 0.0283 Tw 0 -1.3 TD [(2 pence for food and drink,)37( and a payment of 0 shillings if on the winning )]TJ -0.0379 Tw T* [(side,)37( ' shillings and 2 pence if they lost. )]TJ 0 Tw 16.777 0 Td ( )Tj 6 0 0 6 221.633 429.4691 Tm (10)Tj 10 0 0 10 228.305 426.2692 Tm [( )278( )]TJ -0.0379 Tw 0 0 TD ( Matches between teams represent4)Tj -0.0092 Tw -17.444 -1.3 Td (ing different clubs also became common and again these could be primaril\ y )Tj 0.0001 Tc 0.0039 Tw 0 -1.3 TD [(social events.)37( But they nearly always carried a competitive edge in the form )]TJ 0 Tc -0.0476 Tw T* (of a wager and this was clearly the case in a match at Shacklewell near \ Stoke )Tj 0.0303 Tw T* [(Newington in 1+78 between )74(\217eleven Gentlemen belonging to a cricket club )]TJ -0.036 Tw T* [(there and eleven Gentlemen of the )37(W)74(estminster club,)37( for a considerable Sum )]TJ 0 Tw T* [(of Money\220. )278( )]TJ 6 0 0 6 101.656 351.4692 Tm (12)Tj 10 0 0 10 108.328 348.2692 Tm [( )278( )278( )]TJ -4.446 -1.3 Td ( )Tj 0.1573 Tw 0 0 TD (Indeed it is unlikely that any of these developments could have taken )Tj 0.0543 Tw -1 -1.3 Td [(place had cricket not been ideally suited to gambling,)37( which was arguably )]TJ 0.1539 Tw 0 -1.3 TD [(the most popular leisure activity in Georgian society)92(.)37( Before the start of )]TJ 0.0334 Tw T* (the nineteenth century it was uncommon for matches not to carry a wager \ )Tj 0.1641 Tw T* [(between the participants,)37( whoever they were.)37( But at the pinnacle of the )]TJ -0.0177 Tw T* [(sport stood the )74(\217Great Matches\220,)37( in which teams assembled by cricket\220)74(s aris4)]TJ 0.1454 Tw T* [(tocratic rivals played for high stakes.)37( Many of these contests took place )]TJ -0.0166 Tw T* [(between two sides that represented individual patrons,)37( and as early as 1+80 )]TJ 0.0669 Tw T* [(it was announced that a match between )74(\217his Royal Highness the Prince of )]TJ 0.0723 Tw T* [(W)86(ales and the Earl of Middlesex for 1,--- L [\2431,---],)37( is to be played on )]TJ 0.0189 Tw T* (Bromley common by Eleven of a side\220. )Tj 0 Tw 16.668 0 Td ( )Tj 6 0 0 6 220.549 208.4692 Tm (1+)Tj 10 0 0 10 227.221 205.2691 Tm [( )278( )]TJ 0.0189 Tw 0 0 TD [( However)111(,)37( individuals or groups of )]TJ -0.0094 Tw -17.335 -1.3 Td [(backers also put together teams that played in the guise of counties,)37( such as )]TJ -0.0421 Tw 0 -1.3 TD [(Kent and Sussex,)37( or as )37(All England,)37( or sometimes bearing the names of lead4)]TJ 0.0061 Tw T* [(ing aristocratic clubs.)37( So,)37( for example,)37( in 1++2 Hambledon played matches )]TJ 0 Tw T* [(against England in June for \2430'0 and Surrey in )37(August for \2431,-0-. )278( )]TJ 6 0 0 6 341.945 156.4692 Tm (1\()Tj 10 0 0 10 348.617 153.2691 Tm [( )278( )278( )]TJ /T1_1 1 Tf -22.673 -3.3 Td [( )278( )278( )278(\217\220T)37(is la)24(wful f)12(or the Duk)24(e\220: the structure and )]TJ 1.611 -1.3 Td [(culture of eighteenth-century cric)12(k)24(et )]TJ /T1_0 1 Tf -8.413 -1.9 Td [( )278(Signi\021)]TJ -0.0038 Tw 2.39 0 Td ( cant sums of money were wagered upon cricket matches by members )Tj 0.0312 Tw -2.39 -1.3 Td (of the eighteenth4century social elite and this created a heightened sen\ se of )Tj 0.1054 Tw T* [(competition that shaped the game in its pre4modern context.)37( )]TJ 0 Tw 27.3 0 Td ( )Tj 0.1054 Tw 0 0 TD (But the key )Tj ET /Artifact <>BDC Q q 1 0 0 1 109.5404968 29.7997742 cm /GS1 gs /Fm0 Do Q EMC endstream endobj 78 0 obj << /Filter /FlateDecode /Length 463 >> stream xTN0)\PeGʉGDeiH@JbejO-ϛf2UM}4yyO0?&jV%݁EtC (hcW­?J"VSTD Bm|tXo2fR\0k j0Cg 2CC*6t@ jd endstream endobj 79 0 obj << /Type /Annot /Subtype /Link /Rect [63.81 15.849609 175.332 23.774414] /Border [0 0 0] /A 154 0 R >> endobj 80 0 obj << /Type /Annot /Subtype /Link /Rect [178.5 15.849609 318.048 23.774414] /Border [0 0 0] /A 155 0 R >> endobj 81 0 obj << /Type /Annot /Subtype /Link /Rect [69.804 23.774414 162.582 31.699219] /Border [0 0 0] /A 156 0 R >> endobj 82 0 obj << /Filter /FlateDecode /Length 10 >> stream x+| endstream endobj 83 0 obj << /Length 4733 >> stream q 1 0 0 1 0.5 1 cm 5.5 0 431 646 re W n 1 0 0 1 -0.5 -1 cm BT /GS0 gs /T1_0 1 Tf 9 0 0 9 152.501 608.2672 Tm (Cricket in the eighteenth century)Tj 23.943 -63.559 Td (81)Tj 0.1365 Tw 10 0 0 10 54 582.2693 Tm (concept in understanding the distinctive culture and structure that drov\ e )Tj 0 Tw 0 -1.3 TD [(cricket forward during this period is the )74(\217challenge\220.)37( )]TJ 1 -1.3 Td [( )278( )278( )]TJ 0.011 Tw 0 0 TD (Although on a fundamental level the challenge was a necessary means of )Tj 0.0444 Tw -1 -1.3 Td [(organising matches at a time of irregular work patterns,)37( it also introduced )]TJ -0.0843 Tw 0 -1.3 TD [(the use of written regulations for cricket,)37( and this process reveals much about )]TJ 0.0266 Tw T* [(the cultural dynamic which prevailed in the pre4modern period.)37( Despite its )]TJ -0.0325 Tw T* [(accelerated early development,)37( cricket,)37( like other sports,)37( was a localised and )]TJ 0.095 Tw T* [(informal game in the \021)278( )95(rst half of the eighteenth century)92(,)37( not far removed )]TJ 0.0008 Tw T* [(from its folk origins.)37( )37(This meant that,)37( alongside the basic parameters of the )]TJ -0.0208 Tw T* [(game,)37( variant elements also existed,)37( and it was necessary to clarify which of )]TJ 0 Tw T* [(these would be used in any single contest.)37( )]TJ 1 -1.3 Td ( )Tj 0.0641 Tw 0 0 TD [(As in other sports,)37( the large amounts of money wagered on matches by )]TJ 0.0346 Tw -1 -1.3 Td (the aristocratic patrons of cricket meant that disputes were relatively \ com4)Tj 0.0839 Tw 0 -1.3 TD [(mon,)37( and court cases held to settle them were not unknown.)37( )37(These could )]TJ 0.0741 Tw T* (prove expensive and inconclusive and on 12 May 1+1* the )Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 26.417 0 Td [(Saturda)18(y P)74(ost)]TJ /T1_0 1 Tf 0 Tw [( )278( )]TJ -26.417 -1.3 Td (explained how:)Tj 9 0 0 9 66 368.2691 Tm [( )278( )]TJ 0.0715 Tw 0 0 TD [(Last week a )37(T)67(ryal was brought at Guildhall before Lord Chief Justice Pratt,)37( )]TJ -0.0388 Tw 0 -1.333 TD [(between two Companies of Cricket Players,)37( the Men of Kent Plaintiffs and the )]TJ 0.0009 Tw T* [(Men of London Defendants,)37( for Sixty Pounds played for at Cricket,)37( and after )]TJ -0.055 Tw T* [(a long hearing and near '-- l.)37( expended in the cause,)37( my Lord not understand4)]TJ 0 Tw T* [(ing the Game,)37( ordered them to play it over again. )278( )]TJ 5.4 0 0 5.4 257.681 323.1492 Tm (1*)Tj 9 0 0 9 263.685 320.2691 Tm [( )278( )278( )278( )278( )]TJ 10 0 0 10 64 301.2692 Tm ( )Tj 0.0061 Tw 0 0 TD (So it became common for contests to be governed by written contractual )Tj 0.0084 Tw -1 -1.3 Td [(agreements.)37( )37(A set of regulations was consequently made during the process )]TJ 0.0342 Tw 0 -1.3 TD [(of issuing and accepting the challenge,)37( which aimed to prevent disputes by )]TJ -0.0607 Tw T* [(both clarifying various aspects of play and setting out the terms of the\ wager)111(.)37( )]TJ 0.1345 Tw T* [(The historian )37(Adrian Harvey has identi\021)278( )135(ed the distinction between these )]TJ 0.0637 Tw T* [(twin purposes as a )74(\217crucial difference between codes and contracts\220 [sic]. )]TJ 0 Tw 31.733 0 Td ( )Tj 6 0 0 6 371.328 239.4692 Tm ('-)Tj 10 0 0 10 378 236.2692 Tm [( )278( )278( )]TJ 0.0446 Tw -32.4 -1.3 Td [(He de\021)278( )45(nes the sporting )74(\217code\220 as a means by which the speci\021)278( )45(cs of general )]TJ 0.0001 Tc 0.0038 Tw T* [(play were usually governed,)37( and it was from these agreements that the gen4)]TJ 0 Tc 0.09 Tw T* [(erally accepted laws of the game evolved.)37( )37(The )74(\217contract\220,)37( however)111(,)37( related )]TJ -0.0157 Tw T* (to separate arrangements for individual matches that usually referred to\ the )Tj 0.0532 Tw T* [(wager)111(,)37( such as the means of arbitration,)37( the composition of the teams and )]TJ 0 Tw T* [(the size of the stake.)37( )]TJ 1 -1.3 Td ( )Tj 0.1268 Tw 0 0 TD [(The distinction between the )74(\217code\220 and the )74(\217contract\220 is clearly demon4)]TJ 0.0704 Tw -1 -1.3 Td [(strated in an early set of )74(\217)74(Articles of )37(Agreement\220,)37( which presided over two )]TJ 0.0629 Tw 0 -1.3 TD [(matches between the Duke of Richmond and Mr )37(Alan Broderick in 1+'+.)37( )]TJ 0.0675 Tw T* [(Of the sixteen points that were set out in the document,)37( the following six )]TJ 0 Tw T* [(relate to the code by which the match was played,)37( and state: )]TJ 9 0 0 9 66 74.2691 Tm ( )Tj 0.0921 Tw 0 0 TD [('nd.)37( )37(That the wickets shall be pitched in a fair and even place,)37( at '8 yards )]TJ 0 Tw 0 -1.333 TD [(from each other)111(.)37( )]TJ ET /Artifact <>BDC Q q 1 0 0 1 109.5404968 29.7997742 cm /GS1 gs /Fm0 Do Q EMC endstream endobj 84 0 obj << /Filter /FlateDecode /Length 463 >> stream xTN0)\PeGʉGDeiH@JbejO-ϛf2UM}4yyO0?&jV%݁EtC (hcW­?J"VSTD Bm|tXo2fR\0k j0Cg 2CC*6t@ jd endstream endobj 85 0 obj << /Type /Annot /Subtype /Link /Rect [63.81 15.849609 175.332 23.774414] /Border [0 0 0] /A 157 0 R >> endobj 86 0 obj << /Type /Annot /Subtype /Link /Rect [178.5 15.849609 318.048 23.774414] /Border [0 0 0] /A 158 0 R >> endobj 87 0 obj << /Type /Annot /Subtype /Link /Rect [69.804 23.774414 162.582 31.699219] /Border [0 0 0] /A 159 0 R >> endobj 88 0 obj << /Filter /FlateDecode /Length 10 >> stream x+| endstream endobj 89 0 obj << /Length 4824 >> stream q 1 0 0 1 0.5 1 cm -5.5 0 431 646 re W n 1 0 0 1 -0.5 -1 cm BT /GS0 gs /T1_0 1 Tf 0.1 Tc 9 0 0 9 191.265 608.2671 Tm (\032?\031 >\033\035=$)Tj 0 Tc -15.267 -63.559 Td (8')Tj 2.333 60.748 Td [( )278(8rd.)37( )37(A ball caught,)37( cloathed or not cloathed the Striker is out.)37( )]TJ 0 -1.333 TD [( )278(7th.)37( )37(When a Ball is caught out,)37( the Stroke counts nothing.)37( )]TJ T* [( )278(0th.)37( Catching out behind the )37(W)18(icket allowed.)37( )]TJ T* [( )278(+th.)37( )37(That 1' Gamesters shall play on each side.)37( )]TJ T* ( )Tj 0.1381 Tw 0 0 TD [(17th.)37( )37(The Batt Men for every One they count are to touch the Umpires )]TJ 0 Tw -1 -1.333 Td [(Stick. )278( )]TJ 5.4 0 0 5.4 87.3668 525.8472 Tm ('1)Tj 9 0 0 9 93.3716 522.9672 Tm [( )278( )278( )278( )278( )]TJ 10 0 0 10 53.866 502.9672 Tm ( )Tj -0.0072 Tw T* (Each of these points relates to a familiar aspect of cricket that is cov\ ered by )Tj 0.0112 Tw 0 -1.3 TD [(its present laws and this set of )74(\217)74(Articles\220 is generally seen as the \021)]TJ 0 Tw 27.611 0 Td [( rst )-11(written )]TJ -27.611 -1.3 Td (codi\021)Tj 0.0564 Tw 2.112 0 Td [( )56(cation of the game.)37( It is likely that,)37( along with similar agreements,)37( it )]TJ -0.0364 Tw -2.112 -1.3 Td (provided a model which was adhered to in other contests before attempts \ to )Tj 0.0396 Tw T* (establish a single more generally accepted code began with the publicati\ on )Tj -0.0098 Tw T* [(of the laws in 1+0'.)37( Consequently)92(,)37( the precedent of written regulations was )]TJ 0.0219 Tw T* [(established for a game that had been built on informal oral folk traditi\ ons,)37( )]TJ 0 Tw T* [(which became a key feature of modern sport.)37( )]TJ 1 -1.3 Td ( )Tj 0.0511 Tw 0 0 TD (But the purpose of this and other similar documents bears little relatio\ n )Tj -0.0043 Tw -1 -1.3 Td (to the concept of fair play that underscored the widespread development \ of )Tj 0 Tw 0 -1.3 TD (codi\021)Tj 0.0898 Tw 2.112 0 Td [( )90(ed rules in sport around 10- years later)111(.)37( )37(The central function of the )]TJ 0.1325 Tw -2.112 -1.3 Td [(1+'+ )74(\217)74(Articles of )37(Agreement\220 are dealt with by the )74(\217)74(Articles\220 which relate )]TJ 0.0375 Tw T* [(to the )74(\217contract\220 and attend to the conditions that presided over the wag\ er)111(.)37( )]TJ 0.1288 Tw T* [(Most importantly)92(,)37( the tenth )74(\217)74(Article\220 stated )74(\217that each Match shall be for )]TJ 0.0517 Tw T* [(twelve guineas of each Side\220.)37( )37(Although this was a relatively small sum,)37( the )]TJ 0 Tw T* [(contests were still keenly competitive and the sixth )74(\217)74(Article\220 stated:)]TJ 9 0 0 9 65.866 287.9672 Tm [( )278( )]TJ -0.033 Tw 0 0 TD [(That \220)37(tis lawful for the Duke of Richmond to choose the Gamesters,)37( who have )]TJ 0.0823 Tw 0 -1.333 TD [(played in either of his Grace\220)74(s two last matches with Sir )37(W)18(illiam GageX and )]TJ -0.0443 Tw T* [(that \220)37(tis lawful for Mr Broderick to choose the Gamesters within three miles o\ f )]TJ 0 Tw T* [(Pepperharowe,)37( provided they actually lived there last Lady )278( )278(day)92(. )278( )]TJ 5.4 0 0 5.4 311.753 254.8472 Tm ('')Tj 9 0 0 9 317.758 251.9672 Tm [( )278( )278( )278( )278( )]TJ 10 0 0 10 53.866 231.9672 Tm ( )Tj 0.0592 Tw 0 0 TD [(By the 1+'-s,)37( wealthy patrons had already begun to employ leading play4)]TJ 0.0536 Tw 0 -1.3 TD [(ers on their estates in order for them to play cricket.)37( So,)37( as Lady Day was )]TJ 0.0764 Tw T* [(traditionally the day for hiring servants,)37( this regulation was clearly aimed )]TJ -0.021 Tw T* (at ensuring that both the Duke and Mr Broderick were aware of the player\ s )Tj 0.0008 Tw T* (they would encounter by preventing new men from being engaged after the \ )Tj 0 Tw T* [(agreement had been made.)37( )]TJ 1 -1.3 Td ( )Tj 0.0969 Tw 0 0 TD (Competition was clearly fundamental to eighteenth4century cricket and )Tj -0.0062 Tw -1 -1.3 Td [(the challenge provided the key means through which it was articulated.)37( But )]TJ 0.0849 Tw 0 -1.3 TD (the versatility of the concept meant that these competitive dynamics wer\ e )Tj 0.0442 Tw T* [(not con\021)278( )44(ned to expressing the rivalries of aristocratic patrons.)37( In the rural )]TJ -0.0297 Tw T* [(parishes that surrounded London,)37( those lower down the social order played )]TJ 0.0567 Tw T* (in less formal )Tj 0 Tw 6.226 0 Td ( )Tj 0.0567 Tw 0 0 TD (challenge matches and despite the lack of written references )Tj 0.044 Tw -6.226 -1.3 Td [(to cricket in this context some details have survived.)37( )37(They suggest that the )]TJ 0.0814 Tw 0 -1.3 TD (popular game served as an important expression of local identity as earl\ y )Tj ET /Artifact <>BDC Q q 1 0 0 1 109.5404968 29.7997742 cm /GS1 gs /Fm0 Do Q EMC endstream endobj 90 0 obj << /Filter /FlateDecode /Length 463 >> stream xTN0)\PeGʉGDeiH@JbejO-ϛf2ݕM}4yyO0?&jV%݁EtC (hcW­?J"VSTD Bm|tXo2fR\0k j0Cg 2CC*6t@ NG endstream endobj 91 0 obj << /Type /Annot /Subtype /Link /Rect [63.81 15.849609 175.332 23.774414] /Border [0 0 0] /A 160 0 R >> endobj 92 0 obj << /Type /Annot /Subtype /Link /Rect [178.5 15.849609 318.048 23.774414] /Border [0 0 0] /A 161 0 R >> endobj 93 0 obj << /Type /Annot /Subtype /Link /Rect [69.804 23.774414 162.582 31.699219] /Border [0 0 0] /A 162 0 R >> endobj 94 0 obj << /Filter /FlateDecode /Length 10 >> stream x+| endstream endobj 95 0 obj << /Length 5041 >> stream q 1 0 0 1 0.5 1 cm 5.5 0 431 646 re W n 1 0 0 1 -0.5 -1 cm BT /GS0 gs /T1_0 1 Tf 9 0 0 9 152.501 608.2671 Tm (Cricket in the eighteenth century)Tj 23.943 -63.559 Td (88)Tj 0.0476 Tw 10 0 0 10 54 582.269 Tm [(as 1+-\(,)37( when a Kentish farmer declared in his diary )74(\217W)74(ee beat )37(Ash Street )]TJ 0 Tw 0 -1.3 TD [(at Cricketts\220. )278( )]TJ 6 0 0 6 109.549 572.4691 Tm ('8)Tj 10 0 0 10 116.221 569.269 Tm [( )278( )278( )]TJ -5.222 -1.3 Td ( )Tj 0.1119 Tw 0 0 TD (By the second half of the eighteenth century the sense of local identity\ )Tj 0.1955 Tw -1 -1.3 Td (that was invested in cricket amongst these rural communities had been )Tj 0.0225 Tw 0 -1.3 TD [(transposed into the elite context of the sport.)37( Leading players from Sussex,)37( )]TJ -0.0217 Tw T* (Hampshire and Kent began to gain wider recognition and \021)Tj 0 Tw 25.256 0 Td [( nd )22(engagements )]TJ 0.0358 Tw -25.256 -1.3 Td [(to play in the )74(\217Great Matches\220.)37( Consequently)92(,)37( )37( )]TJ 0 Tw 19.922 0 Td ( )Tj 0.0358 Tw 0 0 TD [(W)18(illiam Beldham could later )]TJ -0.0367 Tw -19.922 -1.3 Td [(speak of how these men became )74(\217the pride and honour in the parishes\220 when )]TJ -0.0213 Tw 0 -1.3 TD [(describing the way local people,)37( in the villages where most early )]TJ 0 Tw 27.621 0 Td [( )278(profession4)]TJ -27.621 -1.3 Td [(als learned to play the game,)37( followed their performances in London. )278( )]TJ 6 0 0 6 352.008 468.4691 Tm ('7)Tj 10 0 0 10 358.68 465.2692 Tm [( )278( )278( )]TJ -29.468 -1.3 Td ( )Tj 0.0507 Tw 0 0 TD (The synthesis of aristocratic patronage and local identity was most pro4\ )Tj 0.0791 Tw -1 -1.3 Td [(found at Hambledon and played a key role in the club\220)74(s success.)37( Between )]TJ 0.0782 Tw 0 -1.3 TD (1++- and 1+*- it has been estimated that the predominantly )Tj 0 Tw 27.176 0 Td [( )278(professional )]TJ 0.0763 Tw -27.176 -1.3 Td (teams which represented the club played for \2438',0'+ in stake money an\ d )Tj 0.1032 Tw T* (won \243'',7*+. )Tj 0 Tw 6.163 0 Td ( )Tj 6 0 0 6 115.632 403.4691 Tm ('0)Tj 10 0 0 10 122.304 400.2692 Tm [( )278( )]TJ 0.1032 Tw 0 0 TD ( But the roots of both the club and most of its players in )Tj 0.0005 Tw -6.83 -1.3 Td (rural Hampshire meant that on occasions such as when Hambledon played )Tj -0.0106 Tw 0 -1.3 TD [(England for \2431,-0- in 1+++,)37( the importance of the contest went far beyond )]TJ -0.0208 Tw T* [(the stake money that had been wagered.)37( )37(The )]TJ 0 Tw 19.315 0 Td ( )Tj -0.0208 Tw 0 0 TD (compelling sense of local iden4)Tj -0.0581 Tw -19.315 -1.3 Td [(tity that was invested in these matches was vividly expressed in John Ny\ ren\220)74(s )]TJ 0 Tw 0 -1.3 TD (famous reminiscence that:)Tj 9 0 0 9 66 317.2691 Tm [( )278( )]TJ -0.0469 Tw 0 0 TD (There was high feasting on Broadhalfpenny during the solemnity of one of\ our )Tj -0.0109 Tw 0 -1.333 TD [(grand matches.)37( Oh it was a heart4stirring sight to witness the multitude form4)]TJ -0.0404 Tw T* [(ing a complete and dense circle round that noble green.)37( Half the county would )]TJ 0.0351 Tw T* [(be present,)37( and all their hearts with us \205 Little Hambledon,)37( pitted against all )]TJ 0.0365 Tw T* [(England was a proud thought for the Hampshire men.)37( Defeat was glory in a )]TJ 0 Tw T* [(struggle \205 victory)92(,)37( indeed,)37( made us )74(\217a little lower than )278( )278( )278( )278(angels\220. )278( )]TJ 5.4 0 0 5.4 303.877 260.1492 Tm ('2)Tj 9 0 0 9 309.882 257.2692 Tm [( )278( )278( )278( )278( )]TJ /T1_1 1 Tf 10 0 0 10 96.2361 224.2692 Tm [( )278( )278( )278(\217 )278( )278(The pride and honour of the parishes\220: professionalism )]TJ 5.467 -1.3 Td [(and eighteenth-century cric)12(k)24(et )]TJ /T1_0 1 Tf -9.691 -1.9 Td ( )Tj -0.053 Tw 0 0 TD [(The growing prevalence of professional players in the )74(\217Great Matches\220 offers )]TJ 0.024 Tw 0 -1.3 TD [(a further insight into the wider social,)37( economic and cultural relations that )]TJ 0.2047 Tw T* [(shaped the game during this period.)37( Initially these men were employed )]TJ 0.0133 Tw T* [(through a form 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how)92(,)37( whilst playing for )74(\217Sussex,)37( Surrey and )]TJ 0 Tw 23.039 0 Td ( )Tj -0.0317 Tw T* (Hants\220 against )Tj 0.029 Tw -26.208 -1.3 Td [(Kent,)37( a groom of the Duke of Richmond\220)74(s,)37( who is widely accepted to have )]TJ 0.0946 Tw 0 -1.3 TD [(been )37(W)86(aymark,)37( )74(\217signalized himself by such extraordinary agility and dex4)]TJ 0.0407 Tw T* [(terity to the surprise of the spectators which were some thousands and \220\ )37(tis )]TJ -0.0165 Tw T* [(reckoned he turned the tide of victory which for some years has been gen\ er)55(4)]TJ 0.028 Tw T* (ally on the Kentish side\220. )Tj 0 Tw 10.726 0 Td ( )Tj 6 0 0 6 161.125 507.4691 Tm ('+)Tj 10 0 0 10 167.797 504.2692 Tm [( )278( )]TJ 0.028 Tw 0 0 TD ( Leading players continued to be engaged in this )Tj 0.1222 Tw -11.393 -1.3 Td [(way throughout the eighteenth century)92(,)37( and in the 1++-s John Minshull,)37( )]TJ -0.011 Tw 0 -1.3 TD [(the man who scored the \021)278( )-11(rst recorded century)92(,)37( worked as a gardener on the )]TJ 0 Tw T* [(Duke of Dorset\220)74(s estate. )278( )]TJ 6 0 0 6 156.465 468.4691 Tm ('\()Tj 10 0 0 10 163.137 465.2692 Tm [( )278( )278( )]TJ -9.927 -1.3 Td ( )Tj 0.0352 Tw 0 0 TD [(But although the \021)278( )35(nance and opportunities that enabled professionalism )]TJ -0.0336 Tw -1 -1.3 Td [(to \021)278( )-34(rst develop were provided by aristocratic patrons,)37( the origin of the play4)]TJ 0.1216 Tw 0 -1.3 TD [(ers offers a further illustration of cricket\220)74(s origins as a folk game and its )]TJ 0.1025 Tw T* [(continued vitality as a popular recreation.)37( )37(The matches which took place )]TJ 0.0227 Tw T* (between local parishes in the rural south4east of England clearly develo\ ped )Tj 0.0159 Tw T* (a vibrant competitive culture in which talented local players could come\ to )Tj -0.022 Tw T* [(the attention of aristocratic patrons.)37( )37(Although the exact social backgrounds )]TJ 0.1527 Tw T* [(of the earliest recorded indentured professionals are largely unknown,)37( it )]TJ 0.0788 Tw T* [(is likely that these players worked at the lower end of the rural econom\ y)92(,)37( )]TJ 0.1522 Tw T* (as they were willing to accept fairly menial positions on the aristocrat\ ic )Tj -0.0147 Tw T* [(estates in order to play in major cricket matches.)37( So the cultural association )]TJ 0.0881 Tw T* [(between professionalism and the lower classes,)37( which later came to mean )]TJ -0.0519 Tw T* [(much more in cricket,)37( existed from the outset and already offered a way into )]TJ 0 Tw T* [(a life of greater possibilities for men of humble backgrounds.)37( )]TJ 1 -1.3 Td ( )Tj -0.01 Tc 0.0218 Tw 0 0 TD [(By the second half of the eighteenth century)92(,)37( however)111(,)37( employment oppor)55(4)]TJ 0.0014 Tw -1 -1.3 Td [(tunities for professional cricketers had begun to expand.)37( )37(The game\220)74(s growing)-10( )]TJ 0.1051 Tw 0 -1.3 TD [(popularity led to an increase in demand for major matches,)37( and a form of)-10( )]TJ -0.0257 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[(Y)74(oung Cric)12(k)12(eter\220)74(s )37(T)74(utor)]TJ /T1_0 1 Tf 0 Tw ( )Tj 0.1283 Tw 10.532 0 Td [(,)37( which included instructions on )74(\217How to play at )]TJ 0.0581 Tw -10.532 -1.3 Td [(a ball dropped rather short of a length on the off side of the wicket\220\ .)37( In it )]TJ 0.0217 Tw 0 -1.3 TD [(Nyren explained how )74(\217Old Small,)37( one of the \021)278( )22(nest batsmen of his own day )]TJ 0.0285 Tw T* [(and perhaps of any other)111(,)37( always played such balls with an upright batX he )]TJ 0.0645 Tw T* (would pass his left foot across the wicket and this action gave him powe\ r )Tj 0 Tw T* [(and command over the )278( )278( )278( )278(ball\220. )278( )]TJ 6 0 0 6 177.899 273.4692 Tm (81)Tj 10 0 0 10 184.571 270.2692 Tm [( )278( )278( )]TJ -12.057 -1.3 Td [( )278( )278( )]TJ 0.1861 Tw 0 0 TD (But the importance of professionals within the context of eighteenth4)Tj 0 Tw -1 -1.3 Td ( )Tj -0.0423 Tw T* (century cricket was perhaps most clearly demonstrated through the 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245.39 99.4691 Tm (8\()Tj 10 0 0 10 252.062 96.2691 Tm [( )278( )]TJ 0.0253 Tw T* [( But in 1+77 )74(\217there was great )]TJ 0.0282 Tw -19.82 -1.3 Td [(disorder\220 during a contest between )74(\217the county of Kent and )37(All England\220 at )]TJ -0.0227 Tw 0 -1.3 TD [(the )37(Artillery Ground and )74(\217it was with dif\021)278( )-23(culty the match was played out\220. )]TJ 0 Tw 31.733 0 Td ( )Tj 6 0 0 6 371.194 73.4691 Tm (8*)Tj 10 0 0 10 377.866 70.2691 Tm [( )278( )278( )]TJ ET /Artifact <>BDC Q q 1 0 0 1 109.5404968 29.7997742 cm /GS1 gs /Fm0 Do Q EMC endstream endobj 114 0 obj << /Filter /FlateDecode /Length 463 >> stream xTN0)\PeGʉGDeiH@JbejO-ϛf2UM}4yyO0?&jV%݁EtC (hcW­?J"VSTD Bm|tXo2fR\0k j0Cg 2CC*6t@ jd endstream endobj 115 0 obj << /Type /Annot /Subtype /Link /Rect [63.81 15.849609 175.332 23.774414] /Border [0 0 0] /A 172 0 R >> endobj 116 0 obj << /Type /Annot /Subtype /Link /Rect [178.5 15.849609 318.048 23.774414] /Border [0 0 0] /A 173 0 R >> endobj 117 0 obj << /Type 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